Deck 12: Intervention: Adults and Couples

Question 1

Clinical practice guidelines

A)provide recommendations based on best available evidence.
B)provide recommendations based on clinical experience.
C)were first introduced by psychologists.
D)are available only to trained healthcare professionals.

Answer 1

provide recommendations based on best available evidence.

Question 2

Smith,Glass,and Miller (1980)compared the effects of psychotherapy across different disorders and found that the largest effect sizes were found in the treatment of

A)mood and anxiety problems.
B)certain personality disorders.
C)schizophrenia.
D)eating disorders.

Answer 2

mood and anxiety problems.

Question 3

Mary Smith and Gene Glass are the authors of the first:

A)meta-analysis of the adult psychotherapy literature.
B)scientific article to strongly support the use of psychotherapy.
C)article advocating for evidence-based psychotherapy.
D)article to provide empirical support for psychoanalysis.

Answer 3

meta-analysis of the adult psychotherapy literature.

Question 4

What made it difficult to compare research conducted by behavioural therapists and traditional therapists in the mid-1900s?

A)Each research group used different criteria for including studies in their review.
B)Different criteria were used to evaluate whether therapy worked.
C)Interpretation of results was influenced by each group's biases.
D)All of the above.

Question 5

Three years after their initial publication,Smith,Glass,and Miller (1980)published a more extensive and sophisticated meta-analysis on the effect of psychotherapy.Results were

A)substantially less positive than the original meta-analysis.
B)slightly less positive than the original meta-analysis.
C)identical to the original meta-analysis.
D)even more positive than the original meta-analysis.

Question 6

Evidence-based treatments vary in the extent and nature of their supporting data-so a treatment could have a modest evidence base but,because no independent RCTs have been conducted on the treatment,it would not meet the original criteria to be an EST.Therefore,the term evidence-based is ________________ the term EST.

A)broader and more inclusive than
B)exactly the same as
C)limited and more exclusive than
D)much more restricted than.

Question 7

The huge growth in empirical attention toward the effects of psychotherapy has been attributed to:

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Carl Jung
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Albert Bandura

Question 8

Smith and Glass's (1977)initial meta-analysis of the effect of psychotherapy suggested that

A)psychotherapy can have a substantially positive impact.
B)psychotherapy appeared to have no real impact.
C)psychotherapy appeared to have a slightly negative impact.
D)the effect of psychotherapy was unclear.

Question 9

Prior to Hans Eysenck's controversial 1952 article challenging the efficacy of psychotherapy,

A)the results of many previously-published randomized controlled trials were called into question.
B)only a few randomized controlled trials had been published.
C)proponents of various forms of psychotherapy based their claims on RCTs.
D)proponents of various forms of psychotherapy based their claims on clinical experience and expert consensus.

Question 10

An effect size of d = .66 means that

A)there is a difference of two-thirds of a standard deviation between groups.
B)there is a standard score mean difference of .66 between groups.
C)there is a difference of 66% between groups.
D)the treated group is a third as likely as the control group to suffer from psychopathology after treatment.

Question 11

Unpublished research is also known "grey literature" research,and can include

A)unpublished studies provided by researchers
B)only materials controlled by commercial publishers
C)peer-reviewed books
D)peer-reviewed journals.

Question 12

In order to integrate the results from multiple studies meta-analyses involve the calculation of:

A)standard differences.
B)levels of significance.
C)effect sizes.
D)the influence of outliers.

Question 13

A treatment study in which no control group is used and,typically,few participant exclusion criteria are applied is known as a(n)

A)unrandomized design.
B)imperfect RCT.
C)open trial.
D)limited trial.

Question 14

In a randomized controlled trial

A)participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more treatment conditions.
B)Participants are randomly assigned to two treatment conditions.
C)participants are matched on demographic characteristics between the treatment and control groups.
D)external validity is maximized.

Question 15

In 1952,Hans Eysenck published a review from which he concluded that rates of improvement among clients receiving psychodynamic or eclectic psychotherapy were

A)better than rates of remission of symptoms among untreated clients.
B)comparable to rates of remission of symptoms among untreated clients.
C)comparable to rates of remission of symptoms among clients treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy.
D)better than rates of remission of symptoms among clients treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 16

Smith,Glass,and Miller (1980)compared the efficacy of various types of treatment and found that the treatments with the largest to smallest effect sizes were,respectively,

A)Psychodynamic,cognitive-behavioural,developmental,behavioural
B)Cognitive-Behavioural,humanistic,behavioral,psychodynamic
C)Psychodynamic,behavioural,cognitive-behavioural,psychodynamic
D)Cognitive-Behavioural,behavioural,psychodynamic,humanistic

Question 17

The first initiative to introduce clinical practice guidelines to the field of clinical psychology occurred in the early

A)1950s.
B)1970s
C)1990s.
D)2000s.

Question 18

Meta analysis is a method for

A)qualitatively reviewing research studies.
B)quantitatively reviewing research studies.
C)critiquing research studies.
D)analyzing patients in the psychoanalytic tradition.

Question 19

The APA Society of Clinical Psychology 1995 task force required which of the following conditions be met for a treatment to be designated as an empirically supported treatment?

A)Evidence of symptom reduction.
B)Improved functioning among participants.
C)Data were derived from at least two independently conducted RCTs or from a large series of single-case studies.
D)All of the above.

Question 20

Motivation to develop clinical practice guidelines in clinical psychology came from

A)cognitive-behavioural psychologists.
B)psychodynamic therapists.
C)increasing demands for health care practices to be demonstrably effective and cost-effective.
D)from mental health professions.

Question 21

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)stepped care model for the management of depression includes the following possible treatments except:

A)electroconvulsive therapy.
B)antidepressant medication.
C)interpersonal psychotherapy.
D)transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 22

The cognitive-behavioural approach to treating posttraumatic stress disorder includes __________,which is not included in CBT treatment for depression.

A)behavioural activation
B)cognitive restructuring
C)prolonged exposure
D)activity scheduling

Question 23

In the final stage of CBT the psychologist focuses on:

A)challenging long-standing beliefs.
B)challenging negative automatic thoughts.
C)adopting a more positive activity schedule.
D)relapse prevention.

Question 24

Efficacious treatments are treatments that have been demonstrated within

A)a clinical setting.
B)a controlled research study.
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 25

Effective treatments are treatments that have been demonstrated within

A)a real-world clinical setting.
B)a controlled research study.
C)Both A and B
D)None of the above

Question 26

Thought monitoring requires recording the types of thoughts that typically occur around

A)upsetting situations.
B)positive situations.
C)Both of the above
D)None of the above

Question 27

In cognitive-behavioural treatment of depression,behavioural activation tasks could include

A)making a special meal.
B)relaxing on the couch.
C)disputing dysfunctional beliefs.
D)reflecting on life goals.

Question 28

The Canadian Psychological Association task force on evidence-based psychological services recommended that psychologists give the strongest weight to:

A)syntheses of studies that balance internal and external validity.
B)expert consensus.
C)prior experience in treating a problem.
D)primary research that is high in internal and external validity.

Question 29

Which component of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder involves having the client recount his/her traumatic experiences for an extended period in order to encourage the client to fully emotionally process the trauma?

A)In vivo exposure
B)Imaginal exposure
C)Field exposure
D)behavioural activation

Question 30

Emotionally focused couples therapy is designed to

A)modify partners' emotional responses.
B)modify partners' interactional patterns.
C)foster or establish a secure emotional bond in the couple.
D)all of the above.

Question 31

Emotionally focused therapy is an intervention method used primarily for

A)parent-child relationship problems.
B)couples experiencing relationship problems.
C)any type of relationship problems.
D)behavioural problems in youth.

Question 32

Initial sessions of CBT tend to focus primarily on

A)cognitive restructuring tasks.
B)behavioural activation tasks.
C)completing thought records.
D)challenging schemas.

Question 33

There are evidence-based psychological treatment for

A)all affective disorders.
B)the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders.
C)most personality disorders.
D)all ICD diagnoses.

Question 34

The component of CBT for PTSD in which a psychologist develops a hierarchy of feared stimuli with the patient and encourages the patient to intentionally expose himself or herself to increasingly fearful stimuli is known as

A)imaginal exposure.
B)emotional processing.
C)progressive fear desensitization.
D)in vivo exposure.

Question 35

Effectiveness trials indicate that efficacious treatments

A)cannot be effectively transported to routine practice.
B)can be transported to routine clinical practice,but with significant loss of treatment impact.
C)can be transported to routine clinical practice,with moderate loss of treatment impact.
D)can be transported to routine clinical practice,with little loss of treatment impact.

Question 36

CBT for depression generally starts with

A)self-monitoring of the link between activities and mood.
B)prescribing pleasurable activities.
C)research into pleasurable activities.
D)thought challenging.

Question 37

Behavioural activation generally begins with

A)setting treatment goals.
B)time management training.
C)challenging automatic thoughts.
D)scheduling pleasurable activities.

Question 38

One of the key issues addressed through the early steps of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy is

A)problem-solving and communication.
B)faulty behaviour cycles.
C)unrealistic expectations.
D)attachment difficulties.

Question 39

Emotionally focused couples therapy is a

A)cognitive-behavioural treatment.
B)interpersonal treatment.
C)psychodynamic treatment.
D)process-experiential treatment.

Question 40

Which of the following are the three main treatment components of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)Relaxation skills,imaginal exposure,in vivo exposure
B)Imaginal exposure,in vivo exposure,hypnosis
C)Relaxation skills,hypnosis,in vivo exposure
D)Relaxation skills,in vivo exposure,behavioural activation

Question 41

What does conversion of data into effect sizes allow researchers to do?

Question 42

List two of Tolin et al's recommendations for the review process when determining empirically supported treatment.

Question 43

List two of the potential threats to internal validity of Hans Eysenck's (1952)analysis of the effects of psychotherapy.

Question 44

A 2006 survey of accredited doctoral training programs found that _____ Ph.D.programs and _____ of Psy.D.programs did not require any training in evidence-based treatments.

A)no; some
B)very few; some
C)many; some
D)almost half; two-thirds

Question 45

List three reasons why the adoption of evidence-based psychological treatments is slower than that of pharmaceutical interventions.

Question 46

In reference to psychotherapy research,what is an open trial?

Question 47

What is the key difference between efficacious treatments and effective treatments?

Question 48

Define benchmarking strategy.What is the main goal of this strategy?

Question 49

Define the term clinical practice guidelines.

Question 50

The rapid introduction of new evidence-based psychological treatments is hindered by

A)the inability to patent psychological treatments.
B)training requirements for psychological treatments.
C)ethical codes and professional guidelines usually prohibiting advertising psychological treatments to the public.
D)all of the above.

Question 51

List two of Tolin et al's recommendations to establish review panels when determining empirically supported treatment.

Question 52

Benchmarking can be used to

A)determine which intervention will be most effective for a specific mental health problem.
B)compare the results of controlled research studies with clinical practice research results.
C)compare various interventions for a mental health issue within a clinical setting.
D)determine the type of treatment for which a given patient is suited.