Deck 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change

Question 1

Tang and colleagues found that sudden gains in therapy are

A)evidence of a flight into health.
B)short-lived and dissipate quickly.
C)involve a significant reduction in symptoms.
D)only evident in CBT.

Answer 1

involve a significant reduction in symptoms.

Question 2

Psychological reactance is the tendency to react

A)against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.
B)favourably toward attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.
C)to emotional stimuli in the environment.
D)to emotional stimuli in therapy.

Answer 2

against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.

Question 3

Research that examines what happens within and across psychotherapy sessions is known as:

A)process research.
B)effectiveness research.
C)outcome research.
D)efficacy research.

Answer 3

process research.

Question 4

A therapist's interpretations are most successful with clients who have

A)good interpersonal skills.
B)poor interpersonal skills.
C)good self-examination skills.
D)poor self-examination skills.

Question 5

With a large body of research,we now have a _______________ understanding of how client variables affect treatment outcome.

A)rudimentary
B)moderate
C)good
D)highly developed

Question 6

Socioeconomic status of the client variable can influence treatment outcome because ____________socioeconomic status is related to a greater likelihood of _______________.

A)higher; staying in treatment
B)higher; not staying in treatment
C)lower; engaging with the therapist
D)lower; staying in treatment

Question 7

Psychological ___________ is the tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.

A)recoiling
B)reconsideration
C)oppositional defiance
D)reactance

Question 8

Which of the following client variables has been found to influence treatment outcome?

A)Extraversion.
B)Introversion.
C)Age.
D)Socioeconomic status.

Question 9

One of the difficulties in identifying how client variables influence treatment outcome is that

A)most psychologists believe diagnosis determines treatment outcomes.
B)very few empirical studies have examined this issue.
C)psychologists are much more interested in comparing groups rather than in comparing individuals.
D)it is difficult to detect patterns across studies that use different types of measures.

Question 10

Which of the following therapist variables influences treatment outcome?

A)Gender.
B)Age.
C)Ethnicity.
D)Emotional well-being.

Question 11

Early treatment gains for individuals in treatment for major depressive disorders have been shown in individuals receiving

A)cognitive therapy.
B)placebo medication.
C)short-term psychodynamic therapy.
D)all of the above.

Question 12

___________ research addresses the question of which intervention is more efficacious,whereas ___________ research ask about how an intervention works.

A)Process; process-outcome
B)Process-outcome; process
C)Treatment-outcome; process and process-outcome
D)Process and process-outcome; treatment-outcome

Question 13

To be effective in delivering psychological services,the psychologist must have

A)a large number of clients,interpersonal sensitivity,and tolerance for distress.
B)knowledge,technical skills,interpersonal sensitivity,and tolerance for distress.
C)knowledge,ability to put others first at all costs,technical skills,and tolerance for distress.
D)a large number of clients,ability to put other first at all costs,interpersonal sensitivity,tolerance for distress.

Question 14

Starting in the 1950s and 1960s,the development of process-outcome research was influenced by the use of ____________________ as sources of data.

A)recordings of psychotherapy sessions and standardized measures for clients' and therapists' experience of the treatment process
B)responses to projective measures following treatment
C)standardized measures of experience of the treatment process reported by therapists and clients
D)recordings of psychotherapy sessions and interviews with family members to assess changes in the client

Question 15

Focusing on enhancing patient self-awareness and understanding of their problems works best for patients who ________,whereas patients who ________ respond best to a focus on symptom alleviation.

A)are undercontrolled; are introspective
B)have an internalizing style; have an externalizing style
C)are extroverted; are introverted
D)have an externalizing style ; have an internalizing style

Question 16

Research that examines the elements of psychotherapy (such as the alliance between therapist and patient)and how these elements are related to the impact of treatment is referred to as:

A)process research.
B)process-outcome research.
C)efficacy research.
D)effectiveness research.

Question 17

Tang and colleagues demonstrated that if a patient makes sudden gains in therapy,it typically occurs

A)after the first session.
B)relatively early in therapy (around sessions 4 through 6).
C)around the mid-point of therapy (sessions 8 through 12).
D)near the end of therapy.

Question 18

In terms of psychological reactance,low-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment,and high-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment.

A)more; less
B)less; more
C)less; less
D)more; more

Question 19

Research indicates that differences in therapist effectiveness are most apparent when treating patients

A)without comorbid disorders.
B)with low levels of problem severity.
C)with high levels of problem severity.
D)who are of a different ethnicity than the therapist.

Question 20

Research conducted by Lafferty,Beutler,and Crago (1989)found that patients under the care of effective therapists

A)experienced substantially more positive emotional adjustment.
B)reported feeling more understood in treatment.
C)experienced greater success with therapists who did not self-disclose.
D)reported greater success with therapists from some mental health disciplines than from others.

Question 21

Bruce Wampold has been a vocal proponent

A)of the psychotherapy equivalence position.
B)against the psychotherapy equivalence position.
C)against psychotherapy.
D)both B and C.

Question 22

Who is credited as being the first person to identify a common set of therapeutic factors that inform the effectiveness of all approaches to psychotherapy?

A)Saul Rosenzweig.
B)Lester Luborsky.
C)John Norcross.
D)Jerome Frank.

Question 23

The development of integrative treatment models for psychotherapy has been greatly influenced by

A)process-outcome research.
B)the common factors approach.
C)interpersonal psychotherapy.
D)cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 24

The average effect size difference between therapies shown to be effective is approximately

A)d = 0.
B)d = .2.
C)d = .4.
D)d = .6

Question 25

Among the empirically based principles of therapeutic change,greater pre-treatment impairment is a(n)

A)client variable hypothesized to reduce likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
B)client variable hypothesized to increase likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
C)intervention target hypothesized to lead to therapeutic change.
D)client variable that does not systematically impact degree of change.

Question 26

One of the problems in interpreting the research on the alliance-outcome link is the importance of not inferring

A)correlation from causation.
B)significance from correlation.
C)significance from causation.
D)causation from correlation.

Question 27

Meta-analyses of the child and adolescent treatment literature have found

A)no differences between treatments.
B)cognitive-behavioural treatments to be more efficacious than other treatments.
C)psychodynamic treatments to be more effective than other treatments.
D)humanistic (play therapy)treatments to be more effective than other treatments.

Question 28

Rosenzweig's (1936)hypothesis that all psychotherapies must be equivalent in their effects is referred to as the

A)Tropical bird effect.
B)Dodo bird verdict.
C)Chameleon result.
D)Common factors approach.

Question 29

Weinberger's (1995)review of the literature on common factors found that

A)there was little agreement on what the common factors actually are.
B)all therapeutic success could be explained by these factors.
C)most proponents of the common factors theory had been misinformed.
D)there was very good agreement on particular common factors.

Question 30

Research suggests that patient compliance in completing homework acts as a moderator of the relation between positive treatment expectations and

A)therapist characteristics,such as empathy.
B)relapse prevention following termination of therapy.
C)initial improvement in functioning.
D)increased therapeutic alliance.

Question 31

Who developed an initiative to identify empirically based principles of therapeutic change?

A)Castonguay and Beutler
B)Orlinksy and Luborsky
C)Orlinsky and Castonguay
D)Luborsky and Wampold

Question 32

Luborsky and colleaguesÈ reviews of psychotherapy effectiveness have concluded that

A)the nature of specific therapeutic effects is clear.
B)all therapies are equal.
C)all therapies are not equal.
D)many current therapeutic techniques can be harmful to clients.

Question 33

Smith et al.(1980)conducted analyses on data from 56 comparative outcome studies of the behavioural and verbal classes of treatment and found that

A)there were significant differences between the two classes of therapy.
B)verbal classes of treatment were more effective.
C)behavioural and verbal classes of treatment were equally effective.
D)neither class of treatment was effective.

Question 34

What was Rosenzweig's (1936)assertion regarding the various types of therapies that were available to clinicians at the time?

A)Some therapies are very effective and others are not effective.
B)Most therapies are not effective.
C)Little is known about the effectiveness of therapy.
D)All therapies are equivalent in treatment outcome.

Question 35

Studies that are controlled for the effects of early improvement have found that early therapeutic alliance

A)no longer significantly predicts treatment outcome.
B)still significantly predicts treatment outcome.
C)only predicts treatment outcome for low reactant clients.
D)only predicts treatment outcome for high reactant clients.

Question 36

Which of the following therapeutic elements would be considered a common factor to several psychotherapeutic approaches?

A)Therapist disclosure.
B)Therapeutic alliance.
C)Corrective emotional experience.
D)Homework.

Question 37

Smith,Glass,and Miller (1980)conducted a meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies and found that ________________treatments had the largest effect sizes.

A)cognitive-behavioural
B)psychodynamic
C)humanistic
D)vocational counseling

Question 38

Which of the hypothesized common factors in psychotherapy has received the most research attention?

A)Empathy.
B)Sense of mastery in the client.
C)Therapeutic alliance.
D)Confronting problems in therapy.

Question 39

Aspects of the therapeutic relationship associated with successful treatment are known as

A)common factors of psychotherapy.
B)integrated treatment.
C)evidence-based psychotherapy relationships.
D)therapeutic alliance.

Question 40

Lambert and Ogles (2004)categorized the most commonly suggested common factors in psychotherapy into the following main dimensions:

A)psychoeducational,emotional,and cognitive factors.
B)vulnerability,protective,and educational factors.
C)support,learning,and action factors.
D)internalized,externalized,and alliance factors.

Question 41

What are sudden treatment gains? At what point in therapy do they typically occur?

Question 42

How does psychological reactance influence the effectiveness of therapeutic directiveness?

Question 43

Describe Jerome Frank's (1973,1982)model to explain all treatment effects.

Question 44

List two therapist variables that are unrelated to treatment outcome and two therapist variables that are likely to be related to treatment outcome.

Question 45

What differentiates process research from process-outcome research?

Question 46

List three client variables that influence treatment,and the manner in which they influence treatment.

Question 47

Define "common factors" in psychotherapy:

Question 48

Group cohesion refers to

A)the relationship between the clients and the therapist.
B)the relationship among the clients in the group.
C)the extent of personality integration.
D)both A & B

Question 49

What are the important components of the e therapeutic alliance.

Question 50

Provide two examples of variables that could be examined in process research and two examples of variables that could be examined in process-outcome research.