Deck 35: Antiviral Vaccines

Question 1

Only live wild-type or attenuated vaccines can be delivered orally or nasally.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Passaging human viruses in non-human cells is one method used to produce an attenuated virus strain.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an improvement that is in the process of being developed for use in vaccines?

A) Adjuvants that stimulate toll-like receptors.
B) Injecting pulsed dendritic cells back into the patient.
C) Introducing virus genes into the human genome.
D) Using a gene gun to deliver the vaccine.
E) Injection of plasmid DNA that expresses a viral antigen.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a killed virus vaccine?

A) They are less sensitive to storage conditions.
B) Any contaminating viruses will be killed too.
C) They provide the best immune response.
D) They are safer to use in immunocompromised individuals.
E) They are incapable of causing disease.

Question 5

Which of the following describes the chimeric rotavirus vaccine?

A) A plasmid that expresses the surface glycoprotein from rotavirus.
B) A single capsid protein from human rotavirus that forms virus-like particles.
C) A chimpanzee rotavirus that has been shown to be non-pathogenic in humans.
D) The surface glycoprotein gene of the human virus inserted into the bovine virus.
E) The surface glycoprotein gene of the bovine virus inserted into the human virus.

Question 6

The current vaccines that are marketed for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B are examples of what type of vaccine?

A) Subunit vaccine
B) Chimeric virus
C) Whole inactivated vaccine
D) Live attenuated vaccine
E) Multivalent peptide vaccine

Question 7

What is the advantage of using a cold-adapted strain of influenza A as a vaccine?

A) It spreads between people better than the wild-type.
B) It does not replicate well in the lung tissue.
C) It does not stimulate the release of interferon.
D) It does not cause as much cell damage as the wild-type virus.
E) It is more immunogenic than the wild-type.

Question 8

Which of the following has been a major technological problem with producing a vaccine to the H5N1 avian influenza?

A) It was difficult to produce a reassortant virus strain.
B) It was difficult to identify the most antigenic regions of the virus.
C) The virus can not be grown in cultured cells.
D) It was difficult to produce enough of the vaccine strain in chicken eggs.
E) The virus replicates to very low titers.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an example of a currently available vaccine type?

A) Chimeric virus
B) Plasmid DNA
C) Virus-like particles
D) Subunit vaccine
E) Whole inactivated virus

Question 10

Why must adjuvants be used when administering a killed or recombinant virus vaccine?

A) These vaccines must be given as injections.
B) These vaccines are less efficient at stimulating the immune system.
C) These vaccines are not as safe as live attenuated vaccines.
D) These vaccines are less stable than live attenuated vaccines.
E) These vaccines must be given in several doses.

Question 11

Most of the currently available attenuated virus vaccines were produced by creating known mutations in the viral genome.

Question 12

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using aluminum salts as an adjuvant for vaccines?

A) They do not stimulate Th1 cells which are involved in the cellular immune response.
B) They do not stimulate Th2 cells which are involved in the humoral immune response.
C) They do not enhance the release of interferons.
D) They do not interact with the viral antigens properly.
E) They do not stimulate the cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Question 13

Pasteur developed a vaccine to rabies by injecting which of the following into patients?

A) Purified antibodies against rabies virus.
B) Purified rabies virus.
C) Brain from a rabid human.
D) Spinal cord from a rabid rabbit.
E) Muscle from a rabid dog.

Question 14

One advantage of a live virus vaccine, attenuated or wild-type, is that ….

A) there is no possibility of it reverting to a pathogenic virus.
B) it only infects the person to whom it was administered.
C) it is easy to produce and store.
D) it can be amplified due to viral replication in the patient.
E) All of the above are advantages.

Question 15

Which of the following is the primary reason that live attenuated vaccines so difficult to develop?

A) Viruses do not mutate very quickly.
B) Viruses replicate very quickly.
C) The mutations that determine attenuation can not be predicted.
D) Not all pathogenic viruses can be grown in culture.
E) It is difficult to maintain the stability of attenuated viruses.

Question 16

Recombinant vaccines could consist of which of the following?

A) Recombinant vaccinia virus that can express a viral structural protein.
B) A recombinant adenovirus that contains a gene for a virus protein.
C) Naked DNA that expresses a viral protein.
D) A single viral structural protein that forms virus-like particles.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a vaccine that is composed of a live wild-type virus?

A) Influenza virus vaccine
B) Measles virus vaccine
C) Vaccinia virus
D) Chickenpox virus vaccine
E) Polio virus vaccine

Question 18

For which of the following viruses is a vaccine NOT being currently developed?

A) Human rhinovirus.
B) Hepatitis C virus.
C) Dengue virus.
D) Respiratory syncytial virus.
E) Human immunodeficiency virus

Question 19

For which of the following viruses would a vaccine that stimulates the cellular immune system be most useful?

A) Herpesviruses
B) Dengue virus
C) HIV
D) Hepatitis C virus
E) All of the above.

Question 20

Which of the following was a major development in 1931 that helped in the production of antiviral vaccines?

A) The invention of the Petri dish.
B) The ability to grow viruses in chicken eggs.
C) The development of the agar based culture system.
D) The invention of the electron microscope.
E) The development of primary cell culture systems.

Question 21

Explain the differences between the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines.Why have most wealthy countries switched from using the Sabin vaccine to using the older Salk vaccine?

Question 22

For a vaccine to be effective, it is more important that it stimulate a humoral immune response to a virus rather than a cellular immune response.

Question 23

Vaccines will never be able to treat patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus because they can not break immunological tolerance.

Question 24

Describe the benefits of using subunit vaccines rather than live or inactivated virus vaccines.What are some of the new techniques being investigated to produce recombinant vaccines that would improve the effectiveness of these types of vaccines?

Question 25

Early vaccines for rabies virus that contained rabbit spinal chord proteins caused autoimmune reactions in some people.