Deck 16: Epidemiology and Nosocomial Infections

Question 1

An epidemiologist that studies the of cases of a disease,those segments of the population affected by a disease and the locations and time periods of a disease while the outbreak occurs deals with what type of epidemiology

A)Analytical
B)Descriptive
C)Experimental
D)None of these choices

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The study of factors and mechanisms of disease frequency and spread within a population is known as:

A)Immunology
B)Pathology
C)Epidemiology
D)Etiology

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The incidence rate of chicken pox in the United States:

A)includes both old and newly diagnosed cases of disease
B)shows a pattern of pandemics
C)has been increasing for the last ten years
D)is difficult to assess since the disease is no longer "notifiable"

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Factors that increase the likelihood of an epidemic include all of the following except:

A)overcrowding
B)migration
C)lack of vaccination
D)access to medical care

Question 5

The worldwide spread of an infectious disease is called a/an:

A)epidemic
B)endemic
C)sporadic
D)pandemic

Question 6

A site where microorganisms can persist and thus maintain the ability to cause infection:

A)Control group
B)Portal of exit
C)Reservoir
D)Portal of entry

Question 7

All of the following pertain to analytical studies except:

A)control groups
B)retrospective studies
C)cause-and-effect relationships of disease occurrences
D)data on microbe pathogenicity

Question 8

A non-medicinal substance that has no effect on an individual,but the individual believes is a real treatment is known as a/an:

A)index case
B)human reservoir
C)zoonosis
D)placebo

Question 9

An epidemic that arises from horizontal transmission and where the of cases slowly rises and then falls is said to be of what type

A)Common-source outbreak
B)Sporadic
C)Pandemic
D)Propagated epidemic

Question 10

An infectious disease that occurs in a random and unpredictable manner is called:

A)sporadic
B)pandemic
C)epidemic
D)propagated epidemic

Question 11

Mortality rate is typically expressed as the _____.

A)number of illnesses from a disease per 100,000 people in the population per year
B)fraction of susceptible population that dies
C)speed at which a disease spreads through a population
D)number of deaths from a disease per 100,000 people in the population per year

Question 12

The total of people infected within a population at a given time is the:

A)incidence
B)mortality
C)prevalence
D)morbidity

Question 13

The relative of individuals affected adversely by a particular disease during a set period of time within a given population.

A)Epidemic
B)Mortality
C)Surveillance
D)Morbidity

Question 14

An infection in which the signs and symptoms are not recognized readily because they are too mild is called a/an:

A)carrier
B)chronic infection
C)acute disease
D)subclinical infection

Question 15

An infectious disease in which transmission can occur during the incubation period of disease is considered to be:

A)chronic
B)acute
C)carrier
D)communicable

Question 16

All of the following are important when considering a descriptive epidemiological study except the:

A)locations of disease cases
B)number of cases of a disease
C)time periods of disease development
D)cause-and-effect relationships of disease cases

Question 17

A disease that breaks out in explosive proportions within a population is called:

A)systemic
B)endemic
C)epidemic
D)pandemic

Question 18

An epidemiological study that tests a hypothesis is referred to as what type of study

A)Analytical
B)Experimental
C)Prospective
D)Descriptive

Question 19

An index case:

A)refers to the first case where an infectious disease kills a susceptible host
B)is necessary for a common source outbreak
C)defines a propagated epidemic
D)refers to the first case of an infectious disease outbreak to be identified

Question 20

Which of following is a true statement about outbreaks

A)An outbreak is considered vastly more serious than an epidemic.
B)A propagated outbreak arises from contact with contaminated substances.
C)In common-source outbreaks new cases are continually seen during time.
D)Outbreaks can be classified by the rate of increase of new cases.

Question 21

Which of the following microorganisms is found in soil,a nonliving reservoir,and in animal fecal matter used as a fertilizer

A)Yersinia pestis
B)Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C)Klebsiella pneumoniae
D)Clostridium tetani

Question 22

All of the following are associated with Yersinia pestis except:

A)causes plague
B)has a 100% mortality when acquired through respiratory route
C)when acquired through the respiratory route causes bubonic plague
D)has a 50% mortality when acquired through a flea bite

Question 23

Which of the following are not examples of portals of exit

A)Urine and semen in males
B)Droplets from sneezing or coughing
C)Pus in a liver abscess
D)Breast milk

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT helpful in achieving control of disease transmission

A)Isolation of patient from general population
B)Propagation of vectors
C)Quarantine
D)Immunization programs

Question 25

Fomites are:

A)involved in direct contact transmission
B)a cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in air
C)nonliving objects
D)living objects

Question 26

Herd immunity:

A)allows epidemiologist to predict when an epidemic will occur
B)should be low in order to achieve maximum protection
C)only applies to zoonoses that involve cattle
D)is greatly increased with large-scale immunization program

Question 27

Congenital diseases:

A)cause infection when present on poorly cooked meat
B)cross the placenta from infected mother to fetus
C)enter the body via contaminated water
D)affect only the mother and not the fetus

Question 28

All of the following infectious diseases can occur in the fetus when the causative agents cross the placenta except:

A)AIDS
B)syphilis
C)rubella
D)pneumonia

Question 29

In herd immunity,typically 90% of the population is while 10 % is to an infectious disease.

A)susceptible,immune
B)immune,infected
C)infected,susceptible
D)immune,susceptible

Question 30

Pathogenic microorganisms that enter the body via contaminated food or water typically infect:

A)the respiratory system
B)the skin
C)only vertebrate animals
D)the digestive system

Question 31

A retrospective analytical study:

A)enrolls study participants before an epidemic occurs
B)considers factors that occur as an epidemic spread
C)compares study participants that receive a drug with those that received an infection
D)may determine which factors are causal after the epidemic occurs

Question 32

Waterborne transmission of pathogens involving water contaminated by raw sewage is an example of what mode of transmission

A)Indirect fecal-oral
B)Direct fecal-oral
C)Vertical
D)Droplet nuclei

Question 33

A common portal of entry for microorganisms is/are:

A)milk
B)blood vessels
C)saliva ducts
D)mucous membranes

Question 34

Reservoirs of infections include:

A)humans
B)non-human vertebrate animals
C)water and soil
D)all of these

Question 35

Pathogenic microorganisms that are spread from person to person by unwashed hands contaminated by fecal matter,is an example of what mode of transmission

A)Fomite transmission
B)Indirect contact
C)Droplet transmission
D)Direct transmission

Question 36

A zoonosis refers to an infectious disease that is transmitted:

A)to a vertebrate animal from a human
B)from a water reservoir to a human
C)from a human to their pets
D)to a human from vertebrate animal

Question 37

Transmission of pathogens from person to person via sneezing,coughing or by the affected individual speaking near (less than 1 meter)a susceptible individual are examples of what mode of transmission

A)Vertical transmission
B)Indirect contact transmission
C)Direct fecal-oral transmission
D)Contact transmission

Question 38

Pathogens that are delivered by insects follow what mode of disease transmission

A)Airborne
B)Foodborne
C)Vehicleborne
D)Vectorborne

Question 39

Which of the following organizations sets the standards for international disease control

A)NIH
B)CDC
C)WHO
D)PHS

Question 40

Notifiable diseases:

A)are rare
B)include diseases that are potentially harmful
C)do not include animal infections
D)are all bacterial infections

Question 41

Bioterrorism:

A)is a new phenomenon
B)agents all transmit from one human to other humans
C)agents are all transmitted through mechanical vectors
D)might employ pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis

Question 42

Patients in a hospital setting are typically more susceptible to infections than individuals in the general population and are considered to be _____.

A)compromised
B)vertical
C)horizontal
D)nosocomial

Question 43

Which of the following does not contribute to the acquisition of nosocomial infections

A)Catheters
B)Surgical procedures
C)Home hygiene
D)Proper sanitation

Question 44

An infection acquired in the hospital or other medical facility is:

A)zoonotic
B)notifiable
C)exogenous
D)nosocomial

Question 45

Bioterrorism:

A)is a new phenomenon
B)agents all transmit from one human to other humans
C)agents are all transmitted through mechanical vectors
D)none of these

Question 46

Droplet nuclei:

A)are non-living carriers that transmit infectious pathogens
B)define the first case in an outbreak
C)consists of dried endospores
D)are filtered out of hemodialysis equipment

Question 47

These guidelines are published by the CDC in order to reduce the transmission of disease.

A)Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
B)Weekly Epidemiological Record
C)Notifiable Diseases List
D)Universal Precautions

Question 48

Bioterrorism:

A)is a new phenomenon
B)agents all transmit from one human to other humans
C)agents are all transmitted through mechanical vectors
D)might employ agents such as ricin

Question 49

An opportunistic infection acquired from the individual's own microbiota is:

A)nosocomial
B)reservoir
C)exogenous
D)endogenous

Question 50

All of the following prevent and control nosocomial infections except:

A)infection control programs in hospitals
B)patient isolation procedures
C)proper education of staff
D)uncontrolled contamination in hemodialysis equipment