Deck 6: Emotion

Question 1

Why was it so important for Paul Ekman and his colleagues to conduct research on the universality of facial expressions of emotion with the Fore tribe,an isolated society in the hills of Papua New Guinea?

A) It helped rule out the alternative explanation that people's facial expressions of emotion are based in genes.
B) It was necessary in order to know that cultural specificity in the ways emotions are experienced and expressed occurs even in isolated societies.
C) It helped rule out the alternative explanation that people learned facial expressions of emotion through exposure to Western culture.
D) It allowed them to show that blind individuals in different cultures are able to generate and understand the same facial expressions of emotion.

Answer 1

It helped rule out the alternative explanation that people learned facial expressions of emotion through exposure to Western culture.

Question 2

Emotions are different from moods in that emotions are

A) more diffuse than moods.
B) shorter in duration than moods.
C) less functional than moods.
D) less specific than moods.

Answer 2

shorter in duration than moods.

Question 3

Research shows that cultures do NOT tend to vary in

A) the importance of different emotions.
B) when it is appropriate to display an emotion.
C) the number of words used to represent a particular emotion.
D) the facial expressions used to display an emotion.

Answer 3

the facial expressions used to display an emotion.

Question 4

All of the following statements about emotions are accurate EXCEPT that emotions

A) are associated with physiological changes.
B) last for hours or even days.
C) are reactions to specific people or events.
D) often help individuals achieve goals.

Question 5

Which of the following is a result of feeling sympathy?

A) awareness of our shared humanity with others
B) being more focused on "us versus them" distinctions
C) an accelerated heart rate
D) focusing more on our own needs rather than the needs of others

Question 6

Which of the following is the term for brief and specific psychological and physiological responses that help people achieve goals?

A) intuitions
B) expressions
C) moods
D) emotions

Question 7

When it comes to display rules,people from interdependent cultures,in comparison to people from independent cultures people,tend to more readily

A) express enthusiasm at personal success.
B) suppress expressions of positive emotion.
C) express intense smiles in front of others.
D) suppress expressions of personal shame.

Question 8

The ________ approach assumes that emotions mobilize adaptive responses to survival threats.

A) physiological
B) evolutionary
C) interdependent
D) cultural

Question 9

Research by Ekman (1992)on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of

A) anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
B) frustration, aggression, disgust, happiness, and joy.
C) anger, fear, sadness, love, and joy.
D) disgust, fear, happiness, frustration, sadness, and love.

Question 10

Although there are many similarities between American and Canadian cultures,research finds that these cultures do differ in meaningful ways.For example,there is evidence that people from these countries differ in their exchange of which Finch emoji?

A) disgust emoji
B) fear emoji
C) love emoji
D) sympathy emoji

Question 11

Display rules are

A) principles that govern how experimental research on emotion is conducted.
B) universal facial expressions of emotion that are found in most cultures.
C) genetically determined predispositions to form certain types of facial expressions in response to stimuli.
D) culturally specific principles that govern how and when and to whom we express emotion.

Question 12

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by values,roles,institutions,and socialization practices?

A) physiological approach
B) evolutionary approach
C) universality approach
D) cultural approach

Question 13

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s)on emotions?

A) the evolutionary approach, but not the cultural approach
B) the cultural approach, but not the evolutionary approach
C) neither the cultural nor the evolutionary approach
D) both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches

Question 14

Research by Tracy and colleagues (2007,2013)examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted versus blind.Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

A) Athletes who were blind did not show the nonverbal expressions of pride.
B) Athletes at the Olympic level did not display prideful nonverbal expressions.
C) Blind athletes from the United States displayed nonverbal expressions of pride, but blind athletes from other countries did not.
D) Both sighted and blind athletes displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

Question 15

According to research,shame is more likely to be a focal emotion for ________ than for ________.

A) members of interdependent cultures; members of independent cultures
B) members of independent cultures; members of interdependent cultures
C) Europeans; the Awlad 'Ali of Egypt
D) the Japanese; Utku Inuit

Question 16

We often tell narratives about which emotions we felt in a particular situation and why.What seems to be true of these self-report accounts?

A) We are generally good at both labeling which emotions we felt and accounting for why we felt that way.
B) We are generally good at labeling which emotions we felt, but we are not so good at accounting for why we felt that way.
C) We are generally good at accounting for why we felt a particular way, but we are not so good at labeling the specific emotions we felt.
D) We are generally not so good at labeling which emotions we felt in a given situation and accounting for why we felt that way.

Question 17

In contrast to recent scientific findings,philosophers and other thinkers have historically seen emotions as

A) functional and effective.
B) the product of natural selection.
C) irrational and destructive.
D) a way to coordinate social behavior.

Question 18

Darwin's principle of serviceable habits suggests that facial expressions of emotion

A) arose randomly as a result of genetic mutations.
B) reliably solve challenges in contemporary society.
C) derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors.
D) are present only in humans because only humans experience emotions.

Question 19

Ekman's research showing that facial expressions of emotion are largely universal best supports the ________ perspective on emotion.

A) cultural
B) evolutionary
C) social intuitionist
D) broaden-and-build

Question 20

Marla is on the subway,listening to music and reading over her review sheet from class.Suddenly,she hears someone nearby scream out.Afraid,she stops her music and looks around to figure out what's happening.This example best illustrates how emotions

A) distract you from what you need to get done.
B) prioritize what you pay attention to.
C) coordinate your interactions with others.
D) reveal where you stand on the social hierarchy.

Question 21

Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how emotions influence cognition?

A) People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members.
B) People who are in a bad mood are more creative when working on complicated tasks.
C) People who are given a bag of candy rate their life satisfaction as higher.
D) People who unexpectedly find a dollar on the floor are in a better mood.

Question 22

Emotions such as sympathy,concern,and compassion are triggered by concerns about ________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable.

A) fairness
B) harm
C) loyalty/betrayal
D) purity

Question 23

Following the terrorist attacks on 9/11,Josh was very afraid of the possibility of future attacks.How could Josh's fear influence his perception of his environment?

A) Josh is also generally afraid of other potential risks, even those unrelated to terrorism.
B) Josh is afraid of risks from terrorism but not other types of potential risks.
C) Josh is more likely to feel positive and optimistic about his everyday situations.
D) Josh will not be affected by his fear of terrorist attacks.

Question 24

Imagine that Lisbeth lives in a future age in which people can self-administer oxytocin pills to boost feelings of commitment and generosity.According to research by de Dreu and colleagues (2010),who would be the most likely to reap the benefits if Lisbeth took one of these oxytocin pills?

A) Lisbeth's driver's education instructor
B) an acquaintance of Lisbeth who sits across from her in math class
C) a member of Lisbeth's rival soccer team
D) Lisbeth's neighbor and cousin

Question 25

Michelle and Eahlam were assigned to work together on the first day of chemistry class.Shortly after introducing themselves to each other,Michelle awkwardly missed her seat and fell as she was trying to sit back down.She looked visibly embarrassed and had a bright pink blush.Based on what you know about embarrassment,what might Eahlam have inferred about Michelle when seeing this response?

A) Michelle is trustworthy.
B) Michelle is unconscientious.
C) Michelle has low self-esteem.
D) Michelle is smart.

Question 26

On her way to school,Aisha found a five dollar bill,which made her feel great.In class a little bit later,Aisha is given a problem set on which to work.According to what you know about the broaden-and-build hypothesis,Aisha is more likely to solve the problem set

A) in creative ways.
B) quickly.
C) using what she learned last week.
D) by relying on her classmates for the answers.

Question 27

It is the first time Phan has walked through Yosemite Park and she feels immense awe at the beauty of the giant mountains and expansive vistas.According to research on awe,Phan is also likely feeling a sense of

A) how important she is in the grand scheme of things.
B) deep understanding about the world and the way it works.
C) common humanity and connectedness to others.
D) superiority over other people she knows.

Question 28

Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?

A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) testosterone
D) serotonin

Question 29

Ana just watched a scary movie by herself and is feeling afraid.As she is getting into bed after the movie,Ana hears a sound on her roof and jumps up.She thinks someone must be trying to break in.Ana's experience demonstrates how emotions can exert a powerful influence on

A) moral judgments.
B) relationships.
C) reasoning.
D) perception.

Question 30

Someone cut Neha off while she was trying to find a parking spot at the movie theater,and she is mad.After a few more minutes,Neha finds another spot and heads inside.When buying popcorn,the attendant spills a bit of it and then moves on to the next person in line.How is Neha likely to interpret the attendant's behavior?

A) The attendant is rude and aggressive.
B) The attendant did not notice he spilled her popcorn.
C) The attendant is absentminded.
D) The attendant is tired.

Question 31

Which emotion is more often expressed by people who are high in power,compared to people who are low in power?

A) happiness
B) sadness
C) anger
D) disgust

Question 32

The disruption Eadward Muybridge experienced in his emotions (and therefore his social functioning)is believed to derive from damage to his

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) hypothalamus.
C) lateral prefrontal cortex.
D) orbitofrontal cortex.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that touch promotes closeness between friends and relationship partners?

A) Touch is pleasurable.
B) Touch is soothing in times of stress.
C) Touch communicates prosocial emotions.
D) Touch causes the body to create and release estrogen.

Question 34

You are interested in pledging a fraternity.The first time you come by the frat house,you meet Vince as you walk in the door.Vince says hello and then angrily yells at his frat brother down the hall.What are you likely to infer about Vince based on this interaction?

A) Vince is a political science major.
B) Vince has a high status role within the fraternity.
C) Vince is unlikely to get what he wants.
D) Vince is a beloved member of the fraternity.

Question 35

Prior to a basketball game,Coach Keating shakes his players' hands.Each player then gives the others a fist bump and a hug.In contrast,Coach Lopez wishes the players luck and then the team goes through a cheer.Based on research by Kraus and colleagues.how will the teams do if they follow the same routine over the season?

A) Coach Keating's team will do better because the touch in which they engage coordinates the team.
B) Coach Keating's team will do worse because the touch in which they engage is a distraction.
C) Coach Lopez's team will do better because the team cheer builds solidarity among the players.
D) Coach Lopez's team will do worse because the team cheer distracts players from their opponents.

Question 36

What happens when montane voles are given an injection of oxytocin?

A) They become less dominant in their social groups.
B) They become more dominant in their social groups.
C) They stay close to one sexual partner.
D) They become more promiscuous.

Question 37

Mohammed is at a bar and notices an attractive woman sitting with her friends.According to what you learned about flirtation and nonverbal behavior,what is Mohammed likely to do first to communicate his interest?

A) look her way and then take a broad stance to look large
B) look her way and then smile coyly
C) walk by her and then provocatively brush her arm
D) walk by her and then provocatively raise his eyebrows

Question 38

Amy and David just had an awesome date.They went to a great restaurant and then played shuffleboard at a new bar.They are feeling close and committed to their relationship.Based on your reading,what physiological change are Amy and David most likely experiencing?

A) increases in oxytocin
B) increases in amygdala activation
C) decreases in progesterone
D) decreases in frontal lobe activation

Question 39

Recall that Isen studied how emotions might influence cognitive processes.She found that ________ emotions led participants to ________.

A) negative; use stereotypes when forming judgments
B) positive; categorize objects in more inclusive ways
C) negative; produce more unique responses to a word association task
D) positive; behave more selfishly

Question 40

The ________ states that people first have fast emotional reactions to events with moral significance and then recruit more thoughtful reasoning to make a final judgment about right and wrong.

A) broaden-and-build theory
B) social intuitionist model
C) moral foundations theory
D) affective forecasting model

Question 41

What are the two measurable components of happiness?

A) communion with God; life satisfaction
B) life satisfaction; emotional well-being
C) emotional well-being; hedonic experience
D) hedonic experience; communion with God

Question 42

Betsy and Janet want to take their children on a backpacking trip.Research suggests that if they want to increase the probability that their children will look back on the trip and think it was great fun,Betsy and Janet should try to make sure that

A) the trip is as long as possible.
B) peak moments during the trip are emotional.
C) the entire trip is consistently fun.
D) the end of the trip is extremely fun.

Question 43

Grandma Shirley gave each of her four grandchildren $25 as a holiday gift.Which of the grandchildren spent the money in a way to maximally benefit his or her happiness?

A) Maggie, who put the money toward a pair of delicate earrings for an upcoming date.
B) Alison, who put the money toward a cozy sweater for the winter months.
C) Teddy, who put the money toward a print made by his favorite artist.
D) Nancy, who put the money toward a double feature at the movies.

Question 44

John had an enjoyable sexual encounter with his sister last week and decides to tell his friend Mark about it.According to the social intuitionist model,what is the first step in Mark's moral reasoning about John's experience?

A) First, Mark has a quick emotional reaction that this is wrong.
B) First, Mark thinks about whether the behavior did harm to John or his sister.
C) First, Mark uses conscious reasoning to decide whether John's behavior is wrong.
D) First, Mark disregards his emotional reaction that this is wrong.

Question 45

The concept of immune neglect suggests that we ________ our capacity to be resilient in responding to negative life events,and therefore ________ the extent to which a negative event will reduce our well-being.

A) overestimate; underestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
C) overestimate; overestimate
D) underestimate; underestimate

Question 46

________ is the tendency to experience more positive emotions than negative emotions and is a key component of happiness.

A) Emotional well-being
B) Life satisfaction
C) Hedonic experience
D) An action tendency

Question 47

Lois has just won a lottery that netted her a great deal of money.According to research on happiness,Lois should be ________ as a result.

A) less happy
B) not much happier, especially if she has attended college
C) much happier
D) happier only if she already lives in a wealthy nation

Question 48

Which of the following biases best explains the pattern of findings yielded by research on affective forecasting?

A) subjectivism
B) emotion congruence
C) duration neglect
D) immune neglect

Question 49

Danner and colleagues (2001)analyzed personal narratives written by a sample of nuns at the time when they entered the convent around age 20.The researchers then evaluated how the nuns were doing many years later.What was a key finding of this study?

A) Nuns who reported more happiness in their personal narratives at age 20 lived longer lives.
B) Nuns who reported more anger in their personal narratives at age 20 accomplished more professional success over the course of their lives.
C) Nuns who reported more sympathy for others in their personal narratives at age 20 were more likely to be depressed in their later lives.
D) Nuns who reported more fear in their personal narratives at age 20 were more likely to leave the church altogether.

Question 50

Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to

A) overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
B) underestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
C) be accurate at predicting the emotional impact of negative life events.
D) be overly optimistic about their abilities to cope with negative life events.

Question 51

Deborah and Steve went on vacation together last fall.Due to her work schedule,Deborah was able to leave for the trip before Steve,so her trip was a few days longer.Both Deborah and Steve had a great time and later think about the trip with equal fondness.That Deborah did not recollect her longer trip as more pleasurable than Steve's shorter trip best reflects the concept of

A) immune neglect.
B) duration neglect.
C) affective immunity.
D) time immunity.

Question 52

Davidson and Begley (2012)studied the effects of mindful meditation for Tibetan monks.Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

A) Monks who meditated more were more introspective and less likely to show affective forecasting biases.
B) The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the left frontal lobes, regions associated with positive emotions.
C) The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the right frontal lobes, regions associated with negative emotions.
D) Meditation did not seem to affect happiness.

Question 53

Rob is a conservative Republican.Based on your reading,about which moral domain is Rob LESS likely to be concerned?

A) purity/degradation
B) loyalty/betrayal
C) authority/subversion
D) care/harm

Question 54

Which is NOT one of the universal moral domains described in Haidt's moral foundations theory?

A) care/harm
B) cleanliness/filth
C) loyalty/betrayal
D) authority/subversion

Question 55

The main pathway to produce a happy life can differ cross culturally.For people who grew up in the United States,this pathway tends to be through ________,whereas for people who grew up in East Asian countries,this pathway is often through ________.

A) personal achievement; harmonious relationships
B) the fulfillment of duties; personal achievement
C) harmonious relationships; moral achievement
D) the fulfillment of duties; harmonious relationships

Question 56

We may be bad at affective forecasting because of ________,the tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while ignoring the possible impact of associated factors or other events.

A) happiness
B) immune neglect
C) focalism
D) affective forecasting

Question 57

Mary tells Halima about a situation that happened to their mutual friend.This friend's beloved pet cat was run over last week,and rather than waste the corpse,their friend decided to cook the cat and eat it.Even though she knows that their friend did not harm the cat before it died and that their friend felt fine afterward,Halima still feels that this behavior was wrong.Halima is experiencing

A) immune neglect.
B) moral dumbfounding.
C) focalism.
D) moral neglect.

Question 58

Gilbert,Wilson,and colleagues (1998)asked people in a relationship ("Luckies")to predict how they would feel if they broke up.They compared these estimates with the happiness levels of people who had recently ended a relationship ("Leftovers").What did they find?

A) Luckies estimated they would be happier compared to Leftovers.
B) Luckies estimated they would be less happy compared to Leftovers.
C) There was no difference between the estimated happiness of Luckies and Leftovers.
D) The unhappier the Luckies thought they would be, the less likely they were actually to break up with their relationship partners.

Question 59

Bill thinks that if he could find a wonderful wife,his entire life would be ideal.He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise.Bill is engaging in

A) projection.
B) duration neglect.
C) focalism.
D) immune neglect.

Question 60

The concept of duration neglect refers to which of the following phenomena?

A) Immediate reports of pleasure are unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.
B) The beginning of an event exerts a stronger impact on overall reports of pleasure.
C) The length of a pleasurable experience is unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.
D) The number of peak moments during an event has no effect on overall reports of pleasure.

Question 61

What is an emotion? Explain how emotions differ from other states such as moods and emotional disorders.

Question 62

Explain the concept of affective forecasting and how it is relevant to two biases,namely,immune neglect and focalism.For each bias,write a specific example of how that bias can influence how we think we will feel in response to some future event.What advice would you give to a friend who says,"If only I won the lottery,everything in my life would be great"?

Question 63

It is Jasmine's 30th birthday and her friends want her to remember it as one of the happiest of her life.Design an agenda for Jasmine's birthday that will contribute to her friends' mission,citing research to back up your plan.

Question 64

Describe two effects of emotion on perception that have been documented through research.

Question 65

Suppose your sister comes to see you because she has been feeling blue.Generate an action plan she can use to become happier.Connect your recommendations to the results of research studies showing that these steps work.

Question 66

Challenge the view that money buys happiness.When might this perspective hold and when does it fall short? Use research to support your position.

Question 67

Cristina and Ron see each other from across the room at a bar on Saturday night.According to research on flirtation,how might Cristina and Ron behave if they are interested in each other romantically? (Make sure to address each phase of flirtation.)

Question 68

Give two examples of how emotions can influence moral judgments.

Question 69

Describe how emotions can coordinate action via the modality of touch.

Question 70

Challenge the perspective that all aspects of emotion are universal.In what ways might culture influence the display or experience of emotion?

Question 71

Research has found that there are many forms nonverbal communication can take.Describe the five forms presented by Ekman and Friesen (1971).

Question 72

What does it mean to say that some emotions are "universal"? In addition,describe how researchers have tested the universality hypothesis and summarize the results of these tests.