Deck 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit,they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment,such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function.Then the commitments get more involved,such as staying for a longer period of time and eventually contributing major donations of money and moving in with the cult members.This is most like which of the following techniques?

A)foot-in-the-door technique
B)door-in-the-face technique
C)lowball technique
D)that's-not-all technique

Answer 1

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 2

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the:

A)primacy effect.
B)curve of forgetting.
C)serial position effect.
D)recency effect.

Answer 2

serial position effect.

Question 3

Which technique is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories?

A)hypnosis
B)play therapy
C)art therapy
D)music therapy

Answer 3

hypnosis

Question 4

Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment?

A)Most of the "teachers" were sorry to have been a part of the experiment.
B)They were found to be psychologically weak-minded people.
C)Only a very small percentage said they were sorry they had participated.
D)They were not ordinary people.

Question 5

Alex,who is in the honours program,failed to do his share of the work on a group project with his four classmates.Alex was most likely engaging in social:

A)facilitation.
B)impairment.
C)loafing.
D)influencing.

Question 6

Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion?

A)the source
B)the message
C)the audience
D)the media

Question 7

Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude?

A)"I just love Italian food!"
B)"Tonight,we're going to that new Italian restaurant."
C)"Italian food is the best of the European cuisines."
D)"I'm going to make lasagna tonight."

Question 8

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called:

A)trace memories.
B)state dependent memories.
C)flashbulb memories.
D)eyewitness images.

Question 9

Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably coded:

A)verbally.
B)visually.
C)semantically.
D)auditorily.

Question 10

Long-term memory is organized in the form of semantic networks,or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge,according to the work of:

A)Baddeley.
B)Tolman.
C)Collins.
D)Sperling.

Question 11

____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses,organizes and alters information as it stores it away,and then retrieves the information from storage.

A)Working memory
B)Short-term memory
C)Episodic memory
D)Memory

Question 12

_____________ memory is constantly updated.

A)Procedural
B)Declarative
C)Semantic
D)Episodic

Question 13

In groupthink,members of the group:

A)have an illusion of invulnerability.
B)avoid stereotyping those who hold an opposing viewpoint.
C)like to "rock the boat" every now and then.
D)sometimes question the moral "rightness" of the group.

Question 14

"I didn't like the sermon at all today.It was too long,and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing?

A)central-route processing
B)peripheral-route processing
C)cognitive-route processing
D)visual-route processing

Question 15

A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when:

A)the person is in the room with only one other person.
B)at least one other person agrees with the person.
C)that person is from Hong Kong.
D)that person is from Canada.

Question 16

Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio,so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it.Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favourite music too.Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through:

A)direct contact.
B)direct instruction.
C)interaction with others.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Question 17

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone.You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard.What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A)working memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 18

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus,the greatest amount of forgetting occurs:

A)within the first hour after learning new material.
B)within the first day after learning new material.
C)within the first week after learning material.
D)within the first year after learning material.

Question 19

It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together.You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother.Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other.This is an example of:

A)constructive processing.
B)the misinformation effect.
C)the curve of forgetting.
D)false memory syndrome.

Question 20

Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion?

A)the source or communicator
B)characteristics of the message
C)presence of supporters
D)characteristics of the audience

Question 21

In Asian cultures,people tend to explain the behaviour of others as a result of:

A)bad genes.
B)internal dispositions.
C)situational factors.
D)personality traits.

Question 22

According to Sternberg,the emotional and physical arousal a person feels for another is the __________ component of love.

A)intimacy
B)passion
C)commitment
D)psychological

Question 23

John was late to class,and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time.But when Eddie is late the next day,he blames it on heavy traffic.Eddie has made the __________________ error.

A)egocentric
B)fundamental attribution
C)assumption
D)false consensus

Question 24

Which situation would be LEAST likely to result in a decrease of prejudice?

A)asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room
B)asking people to work on a common task
C)giving each person a piece of information to share with the others to solve a problem
D)having people of various backgrounds help rescue others from a flood

Question 25

Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess.Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness.This is an example of a __________ cause.

A)situational
B)dispositional
C)dispensational
D)superficial

Question 26

The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of __________ between the groups.

A)differences
B)conflict
C)distance
D)emotionality

Question 27

In the famous Festinger experiment,participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to people in the waiting room about how interesting the task was.The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were paid:

A)immediately.
B)after one day.
C)only $1.
D)$20.

Question 28

Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called:

A)schemas.
B)stereotypes.
C)attributions.
D)attitudes.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about cognitive dissonance is accurate?

A)It occurs only in Western cultures.
B)It occurs only in Eastern cultures.
C)It is a universal phenomenon,experienced in the same way across all cultures.
D)It is a universal phenomenon but is experienced differently across cultures.

Question 30

If you are interested in dating someone and you are scared to ask out him or her for fear of being rejected,when should you approach the person if you finally do get the courage?

A)after watching a very scary horror movie
B)after listening to a boring lecture at school
C)after waking up from a nap
D)after listening to classical music

Question 31

A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the _________ effect.

A)halo
B)mere exposure
C)need complementarity
D)reciprocity of liking

Question 32

Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory?

A)reference group
B)social identity
C)social comparison
D)superordinate goals

Question 33

Which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behaviour?

A)frustration
B)pain
C)alcohol
D)marijuana

Question 34

The more you see someone,the more likely you are to __________ that person.

A)dislike
B)like
C)grow tired of
D)be annoyed by

Question 35

The behavioural component of prejudice is:

A)discrimination.
B)stereotyping.
C)implicit personality theorizing.
D)holding a negative attitude toward a person.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Abused children always grow up to become abusers.
B)Abused children rarely grow up to become abusers.
C)Abused children grow up to become abusers about one-third of the time.
D)Children who were not abused do not grow up to become abusers.

Question 37

The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the:

A)amygdala.
B)pineal gland.
C)cerebellum.
D)cortex.

Question 38

Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction?

A)physical attractiveness
B)similarity
C)personality
D)proximity

Question 39

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

A)Stereotypes are forms of social categories.
B)Stereotypes are sets of characteristics that people believe are true for all members of a particular social category.
C)Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect.
D)Stereotypes are very limiting and can cause discrimination.

Question 40

In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study,the most startling finding was that the:

A)blue-eyed children were kinder to their brown-eyed peers.
B)brown-eyed children were less prejudiced.
C)both blue-eyed and brown-eyed children performed worse when they were labelled as the inferior group.
D)children were unwilling to discriminate with respect to the others.

Question 41

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird.It's a plane.It's Superman!" If you looked up,would you be conforming?

A)Yes.You would be looking up because you were told to do so.
B)No.Conformity requires that you base your behaviour on what other people are doing,not being told to do so.
C)Yes.Conformity means doing what you are told or else.
D)No.Looking up only means you are curious.

Question 42

In Solomon Asch's study,which factor increased the rate of conformity?

A)The task difficulty was increased.
B)The confederates were all adults.
C)The number of confederates increased.
D)The participants were given two chances at responding.

Question 43

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behaviour and/or thoughts is called:

A)obedience.
B)persuasion.
C)compliance.
D)conformity.

Question 44

Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on:

A)people's susceptibility to clever advertising.
B)the individual within a group.
C)abnormal behaviour.
D)conformity.

Question 45

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation,they are engaging in what social psychologists call:

A)groupthink.
B)mass thought.
C)consumerism.
D)solidarity think.

Question 46

Close,friendly groups usually work well together,but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called:

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)groupthink.
C)generational identity.
D)self-serving bias.

Question 47

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by:

A)Asch.
B)Milgram.
C)Luchens.
D)Singer.

Question 48

Voluntarily yielding to social norms,even at the expense of one's own preference,is called:

A)obedience.
B)submission.
C)conformity.
D)compliance.

Question 49

According to the bystander effect,someone in need of help is more likely to get it if there is/are:

A)no other people standing nearby.
B)only one other person standing nearby.
C)several people standing nearby.
D)a crowd of people standing nearby

Question 50

In the Latané and Darley experiment,participants were most likely to help when:

A)they were alone in the room.
B)they were with a friend.
C)there were three other people in the room.
D)there was one stranger in the room.

Question 51

It is 1951,and you are required to participate in a perception experiment.You join seven others seated in a room.You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines.The experimenter,Solomon Asch,is studying:

A)bystander apathy.
B)social loafing.
C)groupthink.
D)conformity.

Question 52

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

A)one-fifth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 53

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s.The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that:

A)the nature of the people in 1950s seemed to be more conforming.
B)people today are more obedient.
C)people in the 1950s had less money.
D)people today watch more television.

Question 54

Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies?

A)The task difficulty was increased.
B)The confederates were all adults.
C)One confederate gave a correct response.
D)The participants were given two chances at responding.

Question 55

Once a situation has been defined as an emergency,the next step in the decision-making process is:

A)noticing.
B)taking action.
C)taking responsibility.
D)planning a course of action.

Question 56

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until ______ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 57

When face-to-face contact is a part of the task,which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity?

A)sex-role stereotypes
B)low socioeconomic status
C)high level of individualism
D)high levels of societal dependence

Question 58

Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behaviour,thoughts,and feelings are influenced by:

A)cognition.
B)mental processes.
C)the real or imagined presence of others.
D)psychology.

Question 59

______ is a response to pressure exerted by often unstated group norms.

A)Conformity
B)Obedience
C)Compliance
D)Deindividuation

Question 60

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available.During a class discussion,he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor.When it is his turn to speak,he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers.Vince's behaviour is an example of:

A)compliance.
B)persuasion.
C)conformity.
D)obedience.

Question 61

The tendency of people to comply with a second,lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ effect.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 62

The tendency of people to comply with a second,larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ effect.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)response cue

Question 63

What is a difference between obedience and conformity?

A)In obedience there is a perceived difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
B)Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not.
C)Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request.
D)In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.

Question 64

What is the main difference between obedience and compliance?

A)There really is no difference.
B)The perceived consequences are worse if you do not comply.
C)The perceived consequences are worse if you do not obey.
D)In compliance there usually is an authority figure but in obedience there is not.

Question 65

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

A)Compliance is a response to a direct request,whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
B)Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male of female.
C)Conformity involves direct group pressure for change,whereas compliance involves orders or commands.
D)Compliance involves eliciting reactance on the part of group members,whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.

Question 66

All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT:

A)the belief that the group can do no wrong.
B)the belief that the group is invulnerable.
C)the belief that opposition to the group is unsound.
D)openness to differing opinions.

Question 67

Many people hang up on telemarketers,but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product.Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product,thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

A)risky shift
B)polarization
C)foot-in-the-door
D)door-in-the-face

Question 68

Behaviour that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of:

A)obedience.
B)compliance.
C)conformity.
D)persuasion.

Question 69

Carlos and his work associates form a close,friendly group,and they usually work well together.However,they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called:

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)generational identity.
C)groupthink.
D)self-serving bias.

Question 70

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors.Once the customer has agreed to buy the car,the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment.Now the car costs well above the current market rate.This is an example of the ______ procedure.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-door
C)primacy
D)bait-and-switch

Question 71

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for.This is called the ___________ technique.

A)that's-all-folks
B)one-mo'-time
C)that's-not-all
D)there's-still-more

Question 72

A consultant was telling newly hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales.At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation.Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology,you recognize the concept as:

A)the norm of reciprocity.
B)indebtedness.
C)foot-in-the-door effect.
D)returning a favour.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT an example of "groupthink"?

A)the Challenger disaster
B)the Titanic
C)the Boston Red Sox
D)The Walkerton water crisis

Question 74

You are in the market for a new car.You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive.Which two psychological techniques are behind the offer of the soda and the test drive?

A)that's-not-all and foot-in-the-door
B)norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door
C)social facilitation and norm of reciprocity
D)groupthink and social facilitation

Question 75

A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years.When you refuse,she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo.She is using the ______ effect.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 76

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

A)risky shift
B)foot-in-the-door effect
C)door-in-the-face effect
D)polarization phenomenon

Question 77

At the supermarket,a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza.He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill.This manufacturer is depending on the social process of ________ to increase sales.

A)the norm of reciprocity
B)deindividuation
C)group polarization
D)social facilitation Correct: Correct.The norm of reciprocity involves the tendency of people to feel obligated to give something in return after they have received something.
Incorrect: Incorrect.Social facilitation is an increase in performance caused by greater arousal.

Question 78

______ is a change of behaviour in response to an explicit request.

A)Conformity
B)Obedience
C)Compliance
D)Deindividuation

Question 79

You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail.The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it.What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon?

A)norm of reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)augmented return
D)social facilitation

Question 80

The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues,such as arms control.She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in:

A)compliance.
B)intrinsic reinforcement.
C)latent learning.
D)groupthink.