Deck 15: Psychology and Human Development

Question 1

Jeremy is 17 years old.According to Erikson,his chief task will be acquiring a sense of:

A)identity.
B)intimacy.
C)generativity.
D)autonomy.

Answer 1

identity.

Question 2

Which of the following statements concerning vaccinations is TRUE?

A)Children who are given an immunization can get the disease from it.
B)There is no reason to immunize one's own child if all of the other children in school are immunized.
C)The side effects of vaccines are more harmful than the effects of the diseases they prevent.
D)Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of the diseases they treat.

Answer 2

Vaccines are one of the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of the diseases they treat.

Question 3

Tinotendo and Tinashe Mufuka share a/an:

A)body from the waist down.
B)liver.
C)heart.
D)upper torso.

Answer 3

liver.

Question 4

At birth,newborns seem most responsive to:

A)high pitches and low pitches.
B)hip hop music.
C)moderate voice pitches.
D)rock and roll music.

Question 5

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of __________ morality.

A)conventional
B)preconventional
C)principled
D)postconventional

Question 6

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called:

A)cooing.
B)holophrasing.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)babbling.

Question 7

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A)the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 8

The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s,during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent,self-supporting adult,is called:

A)adolescence.
B)tweens.
C)young adulthood.
D)puberty.

Question 9

___________develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm,resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

A)Monozygotic twins
B)Fraternal twins
C)Dizygotic twins
D)Wombmates

Question 10

A/an ______________________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

A)compound
B)gene
C)chromosome
D)amine

Question 11

The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is:

A)denial,anger,bargaining,depression,and acceptance.
B)denial,anger,bargaining,acceptance,and depression.
C)anger,denial,bargaining,acceptance,and depression.
D)anger,denial,bargaining,depression,and acceptance.

Question 12

________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

A)Nature; nurture
B)Cognition; emotion
C)Nurture; behavioural genetics
D)Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Question 13

According to Thomas and Chess,a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating,resists change,and tends to be loud is labelled a/an ___________ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)slow-to-warm-up
D)negative

Question 14

According to Erikson,an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust,share,and care,while still maintaining one's sense of self,is called:

A)bonding.
B)intimacy.
C)attachment.
D)attraction.

Question 15

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behaviour?

A)trust versus mistrust
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 16

The theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way,such as volunteering or developing a hobby,is called _______________ theory.

A)activity
B)wear-and-tear
C)disengagement
D)cellular clock

Question 17

Infant reflexes are:

A)innate involuntary behaviour patterns.
B)voluntary behaviour patterns.
C)learned.
D)not used as a means for survival.

Question 18

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is:

A)conservation.
B)object permanence.
C)centration.
D)egocentrism.

Question 19

In a __________design,one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behaviour genetics
D)cross-sectional

Question 20

The period of 5 to 10 years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called:

A)climacteric.
B)perimenopause.
C)menopause.
D)postmenopause.

Question 21

According to Carol Dweck,people with this type of control believe intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience.

A)internal locus of control
B)decremental
C)incidental
D)external locus of control

Question 22

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called:

A)primary emotional processing.
B)internal emotion work.
C)facial feedback.
D)body language.

Question 23

Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion?

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)James-Lange theory
C)Schachter-Singer theory
D)common-sense view of emotions

Question 24

BMR stands for:

A)basal management regulation.
B)basal metabolic rate.
C)buttocks management reduction.
D)bowel movement regulation.

Question 25

A young boy develops facial and chest hair,pubic hair,and an enlarged Adam's apple.This happens because puberty is stimulating the development of his ___________ characteristics.

A)primary sex
B)secondary sex
C)male attachment
D)reproductive signalling

Question 26

One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives:

A)are inherited.
B)exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli.
C)exist independently of any need or level of arousal.
D)only work for adults.

Question 27

Some psychologists believe that an organism's behaviour is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively-a state called:

A)unbalance.
B)acquiescence.
C)propinquity.
D)homeostasis.

Question 28

Seeing a snake,and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened,is the sequence of events postulated by ______ theory.

A)Plutchik's
B)the James-Lange
C)the Cannon-Bard theory
D)Schachter and Singer's

Question 29

A desire to perform a behaviour to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as ______ motivation.

A)primary
B)intrinsic
C)secondary
D)extrinsic

Question 30

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from:

A)bulimia nervosa.
B)obesity phobia.
C)anorexia nervosa.
D)dissociation.

Question 31

According to cognitive-mediational theories,appraisal of the situation would come ____ the physical arousal and ____ the experience of emotion.

A)before; after
B)after; before
C)before; before
D)after; after

Question 32

Need for achievement is also referred to as:

A)Ach.
B)NFA.
C)nAch.
D)neech.

Question 33

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy,which needs must be met first?

A)esteem
B)safety
C)physiological
D)belongingness and love

Question 34

Inborn,inflexible,goal-directed behaviour that is characteristic of an entire species is called a/an:

A)instinct.
B)motive.
C)drive.
D)incentive.

Question 35

The part of the brain that seems to influence emotion is the:

A)thalamus.
B)pons.
C)amygdala.
D)thyroid gland.

Question 36

"I think I'm afraid; therefore,I am afraid." Name the theory of emotion that this statement characterizes.

A)the James-Lange theory
B)activation theory
C)cognitive arousal theory
D)the Cannon-Bard theory

Question 37

In arousal theory,people are said to have a/an _________ level of tension.

A)ultimate
B)lower
C)optimal
D)high

Question 38

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?

A)arousal and physiology
B)behaviour and genetics
C)arousal and context
D)nature and nurture

Question 39

According to organismic integration theory (OIT),which of the following is most associated with internalization?

A)amotivation
B)identified regulation
C)integrated regulation
D)introjected regulation

Question 40

Which hormone is secreted into the bloodstream by fatty tissue to signal the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food,reducing appetite and increasing the feeling of being full?

A)adrenalin
B)peptic acid
C)leptin
D)lipotor

Question 41

The practice of behaviours and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health is called:

A)religious beliefs.
B)meditation.
C)wellness.
D)health.

Question 42

The relatively new field of ______ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress,emotions,thinking,and behaviour on the immune system.

A)social psychology
B)organic medicine
C)psychoneuroimmunology
D)interactive psychology

Question 43

_________ is the term used to describe the physical,emotional,cognitive,and behavioural responses to events that are threatening or challenging.

A)Stress
B)Burnout
C)Dysphoria
D)Distress

Question 44

According to studies,people who are involved in a religion and attend services regularly are more likely to:

A)live a shorter life than are those who do not have religious beliefs.
B)lack a social support system.
C)live longer than do those who do not have religious beliefs.
D)feel alone with their struggles.

Question 45

For someone who likes both movies and concerts,choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict.

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)incompatible demands

Question 46

______________ people tend not to live to the average life expectancy.

A)Aggressive
B)Easygoing
C)Cheerful
D)Active

Question 47

_________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors.

A)Acute stress
B)Eustress
C)Distress
D)Catastrophic stress

Question 48

Coping with stress in the Vietnamese culture typically includes which of the following?

A)eating certain foods
B)using biofeedback
C)exercising
D)engaging in a hobby

Question 49

Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about.Mary just made a:

A)primary appraisal.
B)secondary appraisal.
C)stress-related decision.
D)hassle-related decision.

Question 50

Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________ impact on one's ability to be creative.

A)no
B)a positive
C)a negative
D)some

Question 51

Which of the following is the most common mental disorder associated with suicide?

A)depression
B)anxiety
C)delusions
D)schizophrenia

Question 52

The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as:

A)a defense mechanism.
B)problem-focused coping.
C)self-focused coping.
D)emotion-focused coping.

Question 53

Ali,a war veteran,has had nightmares,flashbacks,and anxiety attacks for the past three years.Ali is most likely suffering from:

A)acute stress disorder.
B)external locus of control.
C)catastrophic stress.
D)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 54

The psychological defense mechanism someone uses when trying to become like someone else in order to deal with anxiety is called:

A)identification.
B)projection.
C)reaction formation.
D)sublimation.

Question 55

Which of the following is one reason why living in poverty is stressful?

A)lack of meaningfulness of work
B)too many hours of unpleasant shift work
C)increased rates of disabilities due to poor prenatal care
D)difficulty assimilating to the majority culture's ways

Question 56

Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of life-change units?

A)divorce
B)marriage
C)death of a spouse
D)damage to the home

Question 57

Research shows that ____________ lowers blood pressure in adolescents and adults.

A)sensory deprivation
B)concentrative meditation
C)sublimation
D)implosive meditation

Question 58

The stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the dominant,or majority,culture is called:

A)acculturative stress.
B)acculturation.
C)integration.
D)assimilation.

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

A)A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti.
B)A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points.
C)A person has to choose between wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories.
D)A person who loves chocolate must choose between eating chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream.

Question 60

Which parts of the nervous system are associated with the general adaptation syndrome?

A)somatic and parasympathetic
B)autonomic and sympathetic
C)sympathetic and parasympathetic
D)central and somatic

Question 61

When one thinks of "value judgment" in relation to personality,one is thinking about:

A)soul.
B)character.
C)temperament.
D)conscience.

Question 62

Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits have:

A)disputed the findings of twin studies.
B)been attacked for ethical reasons.
C)confirmed what twin studies have shown.
D)shown that twin studies have methods that need to be re-examined.

Question 63

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind,the personal and the:

A)collective.
B)animus.
C)anima.
D)preconscious.

Question 64

What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common?

A)They are both stage theories.
B)They focus on unconscious motivation.
C)They believe humans are always striving to fulfill their capabilities.
D)They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective.

Question 65

You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon.As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room,you hope the surgeon has a high level of:

A)ego.
B)extraversion.
C)self-efficacy.
D)superego.

Question 66

What did Raymond Cattell call the underlying traits that direct surface traits?

A)source traits
B)secondary traits
C)background traits
D)subordinate traits

Question 67

Tim Pychyl at Carleton University has found that procrastinators tend to be low in ____________ and high in ____________.

A)interpersonal intelligence; self-esteem
B)confidence; productivity
C)self-awareness; social competence
D)conscientiousness; impulsivity

Question 68

In Freud's personality theory,the ________ are in conflict and the _______ must mediate between them.

A)ego and superego; id
B)id and superego; ego
C)id and ego; superego
D)id,ego,and superego; conscience

Question 69

What is Freud's term for the primitive,biological side of personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 70

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory.You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and,therefore,must point out problems in the theory.Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

A)Parents have little influence on their children's motives.
B)His interpretations of what his patients told him were ambiguous.
C)Defence mechanisms actually increase anxiety.
D)Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only.

Question 71

Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories?

A)No evidence has been found to support these theories.
B)Research in this area is too new to report any findings.
C)Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures.
D)Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated.

Question 72

The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ____ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 73

Probably the biggest problem with personality assessments by behaviourists is the:

A)observer effect.
B)subject bias.
C)experimenter bias.
D)test bias.

Question 74

_____________ theory is called the third force in personality theory.

A)Psychoanalytic
B)Behaviourist
C)Cognitive
D)Humanistic

Question 75

Carl Rogers believed people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive:

A)conditional esteem.
B)unconditional esteem.
C)conditional positive regard.
D)unconditional positive regard.

Question 76

According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality,cultures that are __________ are assertive and competitive.

A)collectivistic
B)masculine
C)high in power distance
D)high in uncertainty avoidance

Question 77

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect:

A)current events.
B)daydreaming themes.
C)maladaptive patterns of behaviour.
D)unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 78

Freud's refusal to believe his patients who said they were sexually molested as children is an example of:

A)the horn effect.
B)unconscious motives.
C)interviewer bias.
D)the halo effect.

Question 79

As part of an application for a job,Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time" or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking?

A)a behavioural log
B)the TAT
C)a projective test
D)an inventory

Question 80

Freud's ___________model divided the mind into three levels.

A)trait
B)structural
C)topographic
D)executive