Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The psychological need defined as "the need to feel as though we make our own choices" is the need for:

A)competence.
B)control.
C)autonomy.
D)relatedness.

Answer 1

autonomy.

Question 2

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a/an:

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Answer 2

unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

Which researcher is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

A)Köhler
B)Tolman
C)Seligman
D)Skinner

Answer 3

Köhler

Question 4

As the basal metabolic rate decreases,the weight set point:

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)stays the same.
D)varies up and down.

Question 5

According to the organismic integration theory,when it comes to increasing self-determination,what is the correct order of the four subtypes of extrinsic motivation?

A)external regulation,introjected regulation,identified regulation,integrated regulation
B)introjected regulation,integrated regulation,external regulation,identified
C)external regulation,identified regulation,integrated regulation,introjected regulation
D)None of the above is the correct order.

Question 6

In the __________ approach,people are said to have an optimal level of tension.

A)drive-reduction
B)arousal
C)incentive
D)humanistic

Question 7

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her.According to observational learning theory,to be an effective experience,what must occur?

A)Her son must always model the behaviour immediately.
B)Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.
C)Her son must take notes to reinforce the learning process.
D)Cheryl must reward her son at each step in the process.

Question 8

The most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy are __________ needs.

A)esteem
B)love
C)safety
D)physiological

Question 9

People high in the need for __________ want to be liked by others and are good team players.

A)achievement
B)affiliation
C)power
D)emotion

Question 10

Scientists believe that some people become obese because their ancestors were __________ and more likely to store up fat for future times of famine.

A)herder-farmers
B)agriculturalists
C)hunter-gatherers
D)big overeaters

Question 11

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behaviour change is called:

A)insight.
B)innate learning.
C)deferred learning.
D)latent learning.

Question 12

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as a/an:

A)punishment by application.
B)punishment by removal.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)extinguisher.

Question 13

Jamal gets a new toy for every good grade on his report card in grade 1.Jamal will be:

A)intrinsically motivated.
B)extrinsically motivated.
C)motivated by needs.
D)intrinsically rewarded.

Question 14

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)a rat
B)a loud noise
C)the mask
D)the experimenter's face

Question 15

The process by which activities are started,directed,and sustained to meet a person's wants is called a/an:

A)drive.
B)incentive.
C)motivation.
D)instinct.

Question 16

Thorndike's experiment used _____ and a ______ in his study of operant conditioning.

A)rats; maze
B)cats; puzzle box
C)chimpanzees; Bobo doll
D)pigeons; Skinner box

Question 17

Which of the following is not one of the physiological factors in hunger?

A)stomach
B)pancreas
C)hypothalamus
D)corpus callosum

Question 18

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

A)punishment
B)positive reinforcement
C)negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Question 19

What type of reinforcer will make the target response more likely to occur again?

A)primary reinforcer
B)positive reinforcer
C)negative reinforcer
D)Any reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.

Question 20

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint,such as an increase in height or the size of the brain,are examples of:

A)maturation.
B)learning.
C)individual evolution.
D)growth cycles.

Question 21

LeVay found evidence that homosexual males have a difference from heterosexual males in what area of the brain?

A)thalamus
B)cortex
C)hypothalamus
D)corpus callosum

Question 22

Bulimia,unlike anorexia:

A)produces an obsession with food.
B)is difficult to detect because the person's weight is often normal.
C)is not physically harmful.
D)involves starvation.

Question 23

The pursuit of an activity for external reward is called:

A)the need for affiliation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)a mastery goal.

Question 24

A desire to perform a behaviour to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as ______ motivation.

A)primary
B)intrinsic
C)secondary
D)extrinsic

Question 25

The theory of emotion that states that the thalamus sends sensory information to the cortex and the sympathetic organs at the same time is the __________ theory.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Schachter-Singer
D)facial feedback

Question 26

In Schachter and Singer's classic study,participants who were exposed to the "angry" man interpreted their physiological arousal as __________,whereas those who were exposed to the "happy" man interpreted their arousal as __________.

A)angry; happy
B)happy; angry
C)happy; happy
D)angry; angry

Question 27

To psychologists,motivation refers to:

A)a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs,such as those for food and water.
B)a process in which an individual sets goals in order to increase his or her competence and skills.
C)an inferred process within an organism that causes it to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.
D)movement through a hierarchy of needs,beginning with survival needs for sleep,food,and water and reaching the need for self-actualization.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of emotion?

A)subjective experience
B)behaviour
C)attention
D)physical reaction

Question 29

Compared to the Kinsey data,the data from the Janus Report revealed the age of the first sexual experience for about 20 percent of the men and 8 percent of the women to be:

A)14 percent.
B)16 percent.
C)17 percent.
D)12 percent.

Question 30

In Kinsey's original data,more __________ than __________ reported having bisexual experiences.

A)homosexuals; heterosexuals
B)heterosexuals; homosexuals
C)women; men
D)men; women

Question 31

Which group was NOT one of the groups poorly represented in the Kinsey study?

A)older people
B)white,middle class
C)people with little education
D)people living in rural areas

Question 32

The process by which activities are started,directed,and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called:

A)motivation.
B)emotion.
C)achievement.
D)synergy.

Question 33

One of the main differences between anorexia and bulimia is that the anorexic:

A)is obsessed about body weight.
B)tends to be female.
C)never binges on food.
D)can suffer from heart problems.

Question 34

What percentage of females diagnosed with gender identity in childhood are likely to become bisexual or homosexual in adulthood?

A)1)5 percent
B)12 percent
C)24 percent
D)43 percent

Question 35

You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class.The teacher mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behaviour that may vary in intensity from one occasion to another." You recognize that he is talking about which type of behaviour?

A)motivated
B)emotional
C)frustrated
D)preconscious

Question 36

Gerald smiles a lot at the office,which makes his co-workers feel happier too.This effect is best explained by which of the following theories of emotion?

A)James-Lange
B)cognitive-mediational
C)Schachter-Singer
D)facial feedback

Question 37

Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity:

A)for external reward.
B)for its own sake.
C)to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation.
D)in order to increase one's competence and skills.

Question 38

In the __________ theory of emotion,the most important aspect of an emotional experience is the interpretation,or appraisal,of the stimulus.

A)cognitive-mediational
B)Cannon-Bard
C)James-Lange
D)facial feedback

Question 39

The first scientifically based survey of human sexual behaviour was designed and carried out by:

A)personality psychologists.
B)a physiological psychologist.
C)a zoologist.
D)a psychiatrist.

Question 40

An example of a situation that could cause intracellular thirst is:

A)eating poutine,a wonderful Canadian treat.
B)having the stomach flu.
C)exercising on a hot day.
D)drinking a bottle of vodka.

Question 41

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by:

A)the need for affiliation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)biological drives.
D)performance goals.

Question 42

Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive,thereby returning the body to a more normal state called:

A)stability.
B)equilibrium.
C)homeostasis.
D)physiological balance.

Question 43

__________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs,such as those for food and water.

A)Motivation
B)A drive
C)A value
D)Instinct

Question 44

Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity:

A)for external rewards.
B)for its own sake.
C)to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation.
D)in order to be judged favourably by others.

Question 45

Drive-reduction theory would say getting a haircut to look attractive is a/an ___________ drive.

A)homeostatic
B)acquired
C)primary
D)motive

Question 46

Canadian researcher Judy Cameron's work on intrinsic motivation suggests:

A)external rewards negatively effect intrinsic motivation.
B)current research on the subject is inconclusive.
C)intrinsic motivation is enhanced by external rewards and combined with competition.
D)intrinsic motivation is increased when interesting tasks and external rewards are combined.

Question 47

Inborn,inflexible,goal-directed behaviour that is characteristic of an entire species is called a/an:

A)instinct.
B)motive.
C)drive.
D)incentive.

Question 48

Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory?

A)eating food that tastes good
B)going swimming on a hot day
C)eating when you are not hungry
D)smoking pot to relax

Question 49

The state of tension created by biological needs is called a/an:

A)emotion.
B)impulse.
C)drive.
D)instinct.

Question 50

In one of the earliest approaches to motivation,psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behaviour by attributing it to:

A)emotions.
B)incentives.
C)learned responses.
D)instincts.

Question 51

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of:

A)incentives.
B)motives.
C)instinct.
D)needs.

Question 52

Early in the twentieth century,William McDougal proposed that there were _______ human instincts.

A)5
B)9
C)18
D)24

Question 53

What do we call biologically determined,innate patterns of behaviour?

A)drives
B)instincts
C)releasing behaviours
D)universal behaviours

Question 54

Homeostasis is most like which of the following?

A)car
B)thermometer
C)cooler
D)thermostat

Question 55

Instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lacked the goal of _________ of psychology.

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)change

Question 56

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called:

A)stability.
B)equilibrium.
C)homeostasis.
D)physiological balance.

Question 57

One positive outcome of instinct approaches was:

A)that they gave birth to psychoanalytic theory.
B)that psychologists began focusing on learning theories.
C)that psychologists were now forced to consider the effects of heredity on behaviour.
D)a better explanation of behaviour.

Question 58

According to drive-reduction theory,what occurs each time a behaviour results in drive reduction?

A)Tension is increased.
B)Stability is reduced.
C)Tension is reduced.
D)Drives are increased.

Question 59

The ____________ approach to motivation suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behaviour.

A)arousal
B)drive-reduction
C)incentive
D)achievement

Question 60

Which statement about motivation is TRUE?

A)Motivation energizes and directs behaviour.
B)We are always aware of motivational processes.
C)There is only one type of motivation.
D)Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.

Question 61

Drives that are most strongly influenced by stimuli within the body are called ______ drives.

A)primary
B)tertiary
C)secondary
D)learned

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an acquired drive?

A)a drive for great wealth
B)a drive to be successful in school
C)a drive to eat when hungry
D)a drive for high levels of achievement

Question 63

The theory stating that behaviours are motivated by an organism's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance is called ______ theory.

A)drive-reduction
B)homeostatic
C)needs
D)disequilibrium

Question 64

Primary drives are caused by:

A)exceptions to the drive-reduction principle.
B)learned behaviours.
C)stimuli within the body.
D)stimuli outside the body.

Question 65

Monica put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life "was to be a famous star!" Monica's drive to be famous was a/an ______ drive.

A)primary
B)reflexive
C)acquired
D)tertiary

Question 66

Need for achievement is also referred to as:

A)Ach.
B)NFA.
C)nAch.
D)neech.

Question 67

Some psychologists believe that an organism's behaviour is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively-a state called:

A)unbalance.
B)acquiescence.
C)propinquity.
D)homeostasis.

Question 68

Luc said,"I don't care what I do as long as I am the best at it!" What need is this?

A)need for achievement
B)need for affiliation
C)need for power
D)need for sex

Question 69

Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called ______ drives.

A)primary
B)reflexive
C)acquired
D)tertiary

Question 70

Which of the following is correct for all people high in the need for achievement?

A)They look for careers that pay a lot of money.
B)They look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them.
C)They look for careers that require little education.
D)They look for careers that will make them famous.

Question 71

A way to abbreviate need for power is:

A)nPow.
B)nAch.
C)nEEP.
D)nAff.

Question 72

Which of the following needs was not identified in McClelland's theory of motivation?

A)achievement
B)affiliation
C)power
D)sex

Question 73

Thirst,sexual desire,and hunger are examples of ______ drives.

A)primary
B)reduction
C)secondary
D)internalized

Question 74

Which of the following behaviours is NOT an example of drive-reduction theory?

A)getting some food when you are hungry
B)going to sleep when you are tired
C)getting something to drink when you are thirsty
D)going jogging when you are bored

Question 75

Sydney said,"I don't care much about my grades as long as I'm the most popular girl in the class!" What need is this?

A)need for achievement
B)need for affiliation
C)need for power
D)need for sex

Question 76

nAch is an abbreviation for:

A)no achievement.
B)need for achievement.
C)no challenge.
D)need for change.

Question 77

A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviours result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches ______ theory.

A)reciprocity
B)homeostatic
C)needs
D)drive-reduction

Question 78

The need for _____________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals.

A)achievement
B)power
C)motivation
D)emotion

Question 79

Drives that are learned through experience are called ______ drives.

A)primary
B)reflexive
C)acquired
D)tertiary

Question 80

Primary drives are:

A)learned.
B)unlearned.
C)produced by external incentives.
D)exceptions to the drive-reduction principle.