Deck 10: Stress and Health

Question 1

College students,who have experienced unsolvable problems,when faced with new problems,eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve the new problems,even when these problems can be solved.This behaviour is probably due to:

A)learned helplessness.
B)operant learning.
C)latent learning.
D)response generalization.

Answer 1

learned helplessness.

Question 2

Eduardo is on his way to an important job interview when his car breaks down on the highway.Eduardo is likely to experience what kind of frustration?

A)external
B)internal
C)personal
D)uncontrollable

Answer 2

external

Question 3

When we see a stop sign,we are cued to take a certain action: we stop.What type of stimulus is a stop sign?

A)extinction stimulus
B)discriminative stimulus
C)shaping stimulus
D)fixed stimulus

Answer 3

discriminative stimulus

Question 4

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that:

A)the CS substitutes for the UCS.
B)there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS.
C)the CS has to provide an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.
D)reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event.

Question 5

Neurons that fire apart:

A)wire together.
B)fire together.
C)are in sync.
D)wire apart.

Question 6

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning)is called:

A)the learning/performance distinction.
B)the imitational learning outcome.
C)the delayed learning paradigm.
D)the observational delay effect.

Question 7

The optimal amount of stress that people need to promote their health and sense of well-being is called:

A)intensity.
B)distress.
C)eustress.
D)acute stress.

Question 8

The first response that people typically make to frustration is:

A)persistence.
B)increasing efforts.
C)varying efforts
D)aggression.

Question 9

Research has shown that __________ have a long-term effect on physical and mental health,but __________ have a greater impact on short-term health.

A)hassles; major life events
B)major life events; hassles
C)major life events; catastrophes
D)hassles; catastrophes

Question 10

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)stimulus adaptation.
C)response generalization.
D)transference.

Question 11

Anxiety,recurring nightmares,sleep disturbances,and concentration problems that occur for more than one month after a major stressor are symptoms of:

A)acute stress disorder.
B)post-traumatic stress
C)pre-traumatic stress disorder.
D)general stress disorder.

Question 12

A school issues tokens to the children for good behaviour.Issuing tokens is associated with:

A)classical conditioning.
B)observational learning.
C)primary reinforcement.
D)behaviour modification.

Question 13

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called:

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)reflexive learning.
D)stimulus response learning.

Question 14

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on:

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)primary and secondary learning.
D)cognitive learning.

Question 15

The stress-increasing effects of uncontrollability are related to the effects of __________ on stress.

A)frustration
B)unpredictability
C)pressure
D)conflict

Question 16

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20.What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

A)a variable-ratio schedule
B)a fixed-ratio schedule
C)a fixed-interval schedule
D)a continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 17

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is:

A)Watson.
B)Thorndike.
C)Skinner.
D)Bandura.

Question 18

The College Undergraduate Stress Scale rates being raped as equally stressful when compared with which of the following?

A)death of a close family
B)concerns about being pregnant
C)being accused of rape
D)finding out that one is HIV-positive

Question 19

When people have to work harder,do more work,or work faster,they are experiencing:

A)frustration.
B)uncontrollability.
C)pressure.
D)conflict.

Question 20

Canadians who experienced great distress after the 9/11 attacks were more likely to:

A)get closer to their families.
B)give others a helping hand.
C)suffer from panic anxiety.
D)both a and b

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that religion helps people reduce or cope with stress?

A)Religion can provide a strong social support system.
B)Religion includes rituals that can help people feel better about their failings.
C)Most religions promote healthy lifestyles.
D)Religion isolates people from those who are different.

Question 22

_________ is the term used to describe the physical,emotional,cognitive,and behavioural responses to events that are seen as threatening or challenging.

A)Stress
B)Burnout
C)Dysphoria
D)Distress

Question 23

According to Lazarus,secondary appraisal involves:

A)estimating the severity of the stressor.
B)deciding whether the stressor is a problem.
C)classifying the stressor as a threat or a problem.
D)estimating the resources a person has available for coping.

Question 24

When a person tries to cope by eliminating or changing the stressor directly,it is known as:

A)a defence mechanism.
B)problem-focused coping.
C)self-focused coping.
D)emotion-focused coping.

Question 25

Rusty drinks beer all day long,often passing out in a stupor after several hours of steady drinking.Yet he refuses to admit that he has a drinking problem,saying that "it's only beer" and continuing to drink.Rusty is most likely using which defence mechanism?

A)denial
B)repression
C)displacement
D)reaction formation

Question 26

Adam is very ambitious and driven to succeed.He is easily angered,always wants to be working,and finds it hard to relax.According to research,Adam is a:

A)high-risk candidate for coronary heart disease.
B)hardy personality.
C)Type B personality.
D)Type C personality.

Question 27

Larysa moved from Ukraine to Canada.She learned to speak and write English,changed her last name so it would sound more "Canadian," and no longer maintains any of her old culture's styles of dress or customs.Larysa has used which method of entering the majority culture?

A)integration
B)assimilation
C)separation
D)marginalization

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a typical source of stress in the workplace?

A)heavy workload
B)lack of variety
C)lack of shift work
D)lack of job security

Question 29

Jasmine has just been offered an opportunity to teach at a small college in a rural area of Manitoba.On the one hand,she really needs a job and the money it would bring would allow her to pay off some debts.But the college is in a very small town far away from any major cities and has very little to offer in the way of amusements.She would also be far away from her family and friends.Jasmine is facing what type of conflict in deciding whether to accept the job?

A)approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-avoidance
D)double approach-avoidance

Question 30

Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress?

A)sleeping irregularity,frequent colds,anger
B)depression,fear,irritability
C)difficulty making decisions,loss of sense of humor,difficulty concentrating
D)chest pains,nausea,memory loss

Question 31

Darrell is convinced that a woman supervisor in his office is very attracted to him,even though she has given him no outward signs of interest.He watches her frequently and makes excuses to be near her or to talk to her.He interprets everything she says as a veiled reference to her desire for him.If Darrell's supervisor actually has no romantic interest in him,we might conclude that Darrell is:

A)rationalizing.
B)repressing.
C)projecting.
D)regressing.

Question 32

The activation of the immune system response by stress differs from the activation of that that system by illness in that:

A)illness activates areas in the brain first.
B)stress increases the release of natural killer cells.
C)stress activates a different immune response than does illness.
D)stress activates areas in the brain first.

Question 33

Optimism has been associated with all the following EXCEPT:

A)taking care of one's health.
B)increased rates of learned helplessness.
C)lower rates of depression.
D)healthy immune systems.

Question 34

In the __________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome,the person may actually start to feel better.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)termination

Question 35

Social support:

A)has a positive benefit on health.
B)can improve the physical functioning of cancer patients.
C)can improve the physical functioning of people with HIV.
D)all of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT one of the three Cs of the hardy personality?

A)commitment
B)callousness
C)control
D)challenge

Question 37

Kareem is relaxing in a chair with his eyes closed.As he sits quietly,he is focusing on the sound of his own breathing and clearing his mind of other thoughts.Kareem is practicing:

A)sensory deprivation.
B)concentrative meditation.
C)receptive meditation.
D)implosive meditation.

Question 38

Which of the following are considered emotional,as opposed to mental,symptoms of stress?

A)sleeping irregularity,frequent colds,anger
B)depression,fear,irritability
C)difficulty making decisions,loss of sense of humor,difficulty concentrating on tasks.
D)chest pains,nausea,memory loss

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of burnout?

A)pessimism
B)dissatisfaction
C)optimism
D)desire to quit

Question 40

People who talk about suicide rarely follow through with it.This statement is:

A)true; only 1 percent of people who talk about suicide actually commit suicide.
B)false; this statement is a myth.Many people use talking about suicide as a dress rehearsal for the real thing.
C)partially true; 10 percent of people who talk about suicide actually commit suicide.
D)both true and false; it depends on which country you reside in.

Question 41

Which major life event on the College Undergraduate Stress Scale has the highest number of life change units?

A)death of a close friend
B)falling asleep in class
C)being raped
D)getting straight As

Question 42

Linda's house was flooded in a hurricane.Upon losing her home,she had nightmares,disturbed sleep,and anxiety that lasted about two weeks.Linda most likely suffered from:

A)acute stress disorder.
B)external locus of control.
C)catastrophic stress.
D)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 43

_________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors.

A)Acute stress
B)Eustress
C)Distress
D)Catastrophic stress

Question 44

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)to measure change due to:

A)natural disasters.
B)major life events.
C)social difficulties.
D)negative life events.

Question 45

_________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.

A)Acute stress
B)Eustress
C)Distress
D)Catastrophic stress

Question 46

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)measures stress related to:

A)positive and negative life events.
B)only negative life events.
C)only positive life events.
D)internal stressors.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the research on post-traumatic stress disorder?

A)Women seem to be more vulnerable than men.
B)Men seem to be more vulnerable than women.
C)The likelihood of the disorder increases if the traumatic experience took place before a woman was 15 years old.
D)Women's lives have changed over the last several decades,making them more vulnerable to stress disorders.

Question 48

According to Holmes and Rahe,a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future?

A)more frequent changes of job
B)a divorce
C)commission of a crime
D)more health problems than usual or an accident

Question 49

Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable,large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat?

A)major life events
B)catastrophes
C)hassles
D)eustress

Question 50

An assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life events over one year is called:

A)secondary appraisal.
B)primary appraisal.
C)the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
D)the College Undergraduate Stress Scale.

Question 51

__________ measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events.

A)Secondary appraisal
B)Primary appraisal
C)The Social Readjustment Rating Scale
D)The College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

Question 52

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and:

A)colds and headaches.
B)cancer and heart disease.
C)hypertension and obesity.
D)heart disease and schizophrenia.

Question 53

Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of life change units?

A)divorce
B)marriage
C)death of a spouse
D)damage to the home

Question 54

Ali,a war veteran,has had nightmares,flashbacks,and anxiety attacks for the past three years.Ali is most likely suffering from:

A)acute stress disorder.
B)external locus of control.
C)catastrophic stress.
D)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 55

The kind of event that leads to post-traumatic stress disorder is usually:

A)the loss of a loved one or the breakup of a meaningful relationship.
B)a culmination of frustration-causing events linked to a feeling of helplessness.
C)a culmination of ordinary stress-causing events that "pile up" just too rapidly for the person to cope.
D)an extraordinary,catastrophic experience that even the strongest people would find terrifying.

Question 56

According to Lazarus,hassles:

A)do not arise from major life events.
B)arise from major life events.
C)nullify the stress that arises from major life events.
D)are unrelated to stress.

Question 57

Researchers found that the ________________ of daily hassles was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale.

A)number
B)type
C)negative quality
D)perceived severity

Question 58

The term hassles refers to:

A)minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work.
B)personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal.
C)the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals.
D)minor annoyances of everyday life.

Question 59

Burning your toast,having trouble opening an email attachment,breaking a glass,and running late for an appointment may be considered:

A)uplifts.
B)hassles.
C)downturns.
D)distress.

Question 60

A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor,with symptoms of anxiety,nightmares,poor sleep,reliving the event,and concentration problems,lasting for more than one month is called:

A)acute stress disorder.
B)external locus of control.
C)catastrophic stress.
D)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 61

The first response that people make to frustration is:

A)persistence.
B)increasing efforts.
C)varying efforts.
D)aggression.

Question 62

The _______ control one has,the _______ the degree of stress.

A)more; greater
B)less; greater
C)less; lower
D)Control has nothing to do with stress.

Question 63

After weeks of being taunted by her so-called "friends" at school and asking them to stop taunting her,Alyssa begins to actively avoid them whenever possible.Her reaction to this frustration is best described as:

A)confrontation.
B)compromise.
C)withdrawal.
D)rationalization.

Question 64

Desiring to purchase a book and finding it is out of stock is an example of a/an:

A)external frustration.
B)internal conflict.
C)external conflict.
D)internal frustration.

Question 65

Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________ impact on one's ability to be creative.

A)no
B)a positive
C)a negative
D)some

Question 66

The most extreme form of escape from frustration is:

A)suicide.
B)anhedonia.
C)leaving the country.
D)divorce.

Question 67

Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina.Unfortunately,she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height.Bettina is experiencing:

A)external frustration.
B)internal conflict.
C)external conflict.
D)internal frustration.

Question 68

Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer.He has encouraged him to get good grades,graduate college earlier than his peers,and work as hard as he can.Jacob does not care about going to law school,but he does so to please his father.Jacob is responding to:

A)anxiety.
B)pressure.
C)overload.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 69

Which of the following is the most common mental disorder associated with suicide?

A)depression
B)anxiety
C)delusions
D)schizophrenia

Question 70

______ occurs when a person is prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need.

A)Uncontrollability
B)Conflict
C)Pressure
D)Frustration

Question 71

_________ are habitual targets of displaced aggression.

A)Scapegoats
B)Internal conflicts
C)Relationships
D)Bullies

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A)Frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress.
B)Aggression will not follow frustration unless certain external cues are present.
C)Frustration does not always lead to aggression.
D)Frustration always leads to aggression.

Question 73

Action meant to harm or destroy is referred to as:

A)persistence.
B)displacement.
C)varying efforts.
D)aggression.

Question 74

An urgent demand or expectation for our behaviour that comes from an outside source is called:

A)anxiety.
B)pressure.
C)overload.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 75

All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT:

A)pressure.
B)frustration.
C)uncontrollability.
D)aggression.

Question 76

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working.He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball.Unfortunately,after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial he still did not retrieve a gumball.As a result,he kicked the machine several times.Kicking the machine is an example of:

A)persistence.
B)increasing efforts.
C)varying efforts.
D)aggression.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hassles at different developmental stages?

A)Elderly people are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping,doctor's appointments,and bad weather than are children and younger adults.
B)Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping,doctor's appointments,and bad weather than are elderly people.
C)For children ages 3 to 5,the biggest hassle is getting teased.
D)Youth 11 to 15 years old report feeling pressure to use drugs.

Question 78

Gloria is a tax accountant who is very busy from the January to April 30,which is the tax return filing deadline.She feels that she must work very long hours during this time to meet the April 30 deadline for all of her clients.Gloria is experiencing:

A)anxiety.
B)pressure.
C)overload.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 79

Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called:

A)external frustration.
B)internal conflict.
C)a hassle.
D)internal frustration.

Question 80

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working.He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball.Joey's behaviour is called:

A)persistence.
B)increasing efforts.
C)varying efforts.
D)aggression.