Deck 11: Theories of Personality

Question 1

According to Jung,the part of the mind containing universal human memories is called the ___________ unconscious.

A)personal
B)cognitive
C)collective
D)animistic

Answer 1

collective

Question 2

People with dementia typically have a memory problem known as:

A)consolidation breakdown.
B)infantile amnesia.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)anterograde amnesia.

Answer 2

anterograde amnesia.

Question 3

_____________ is retention of memory for some period of time.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Memory

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

In Freud's view of the personality,the "devil" would be seen as the:

A)conscience.
B)id.
C)ego.
D)superego.

Question 5

In which psychosexual stage are the sexual feelings repressed?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 6

In which psychosexual stage does the defence mechanism of identification figure prominently?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 7

An area of the body that produces pleasurable sensations is called an ___________ zone.

A)erogenous
B)fixation
C)Oedipal
D)phallic

Question 8

The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in the:

A)biology classroom.
B)auditorium,with all the other students in the school.
C)cafeteria,with comfort food readily available.
D)special testing room used for all exams.

Question 9

Which of the neo-Freudians discussed in the text talked about neurotic personalities as moving toward people,moving against people,or moving away from people?

A)Carl Jung
B)Alfred Adler
C)Karen Horney
D)Erik Erikson

Question 10

According to Elizabeth Bowman's work,which of the following statements is NOT true regarding hypnosis and memories?

A)Hypnosis makes production of false memories easier.
B)Hypnosis increases confidence in memories,even fake ones.
C)Therapists have produced false memories through hypnosis.
D)Even with evidence from other sources,memories obtained through hypnosis remain suspect.

Question 11

Short-term memories appear to be localized in the:

A)cerebellum.
B)hippocampus.
C)amygdala.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 12

Which of Freud's parts of the personality is most like a director?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego ideal

Question 13

In which psychosexual stage might fixation result in a person who is excessively neat and fussy?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 14

Although Chien's parents have told him that he attended his grandmother's funeral when he was 9 years old,he has no memory of the funeral.According to Freud,Chien's memory of the funeral may be in the __________ mind.

A)preconscious
B)conscious
C)conscience
D)unconscious

Question 15

According to Freud,which part of the personality makes the person feel pride when doing the right thing?

A)ego
B)superego
C)ego ideal
D)conscience

Question 16

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

A)chunking
B)mnemonic
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Question 17

Long-term memory is organized in the form of semantic networks,or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge,according to the work of:

A)Baddeley.
B)Tolman.
C)Collins.
D)Sperling.

Question 18

Which famous memory researcher is known for their work on the inaccuracies of memory retrieval such as the misinformation effect theory?

A)Ebbinghaus
B)Hebbs
C)Loftus
D)Bernstein

Question 19

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A)table
B)modem
C)iPod
D)photograph

Question 20

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime.Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

A)Yes,because iconic memory is highly reliable.
B)No because of the risk of false memory syndrome.
C)Yes,because statistics indicate that there is a high accuracy rate for eyewitness testimony.
D)No,because there is a possibility of a "false positive" identification.

Question 21

Which method of personality assessment offers the most objective measurement?

A)interview
B)projective test
C)direct observation
D)personality inventory

Question 22

Observer bias would be a problem for any of the following methods EXCEPT:

A)interview.
B)projective test.
C)direct observation.
D)personality inventory.

Question 23

Elsie's daughter gave her a microwave oven for her birthday.Elsie has never used a microwave and is scared to use this one.Instead,she lets it sit in her kitchen and uses the stove instead because she has always used the stove.Elsie would probably score very low on:

A)agreeableness.
B)neuroticism.
C)introversion.
D)openness to experience.

Question 24

Who believed that traits existed as part of the nervous system?

A)Costa and McCrae
B)Allport
C)Cattell
D)Rogers

Question 25

Rogers believed that in order for people to become fully functioning,they must receive _______ from the important people in their lives.

A)unconditional positive regard
B)conditional positive regard
C)positive reinforcement
D)positive modelling

Question 26

Eddie knows that he is pretty good at art,but his parents have never encouraged him to develop art as a career because they don't feel that artists have "real" jobs.As a result,Eddie feels that he should concentrate on a more practical career to please his parents.If Eddie is working to be who he should be,according to his parents,he is being influenced by his:

A)self-concept.
B)real self.
C)superego.
D)ideal self.

Question 27

Sandy is playing a trivia game with her friends.When it is her turn,she gets the category of geography.She knows very little about geography and has never done well in this category in the past,so her sense of self-efficacy is likely to be:

A)low.
B)high.
C)moderate.
D)The answer cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 28

Which of the following is not one of the traits found to have a genetic component in studies of identical twins?

A)intelligence
B)leadership abilities
C)antagonism
D)aggressiveness

Question 29

One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much:

A)description.
B)research.
C)material.
D)explanation.

Question 30

Recent research has found that the main difference between Canadians and Americans in terms of personality is:

A)Canadians tend to be more agreeable than Americans.
B)Canadians tend to be more neurotic than Americans.
C)Canadians tend to be less conscientious than Americans.
D)No major differences have been found between Canadians and Americans when it comes to personality.

Question 31

Which of the following countries would be most likely to have an individualistic trait,according to Hofstede?

A)Japan
B)Vietnam
C)Canada
D)Brazil

Question 32

According to Cattell,traits that are numerous and can easily be seen by other people are called __________ traits.

A)central
B)cardinal
C)surface
D)source

Question 33

Which of the following methods is least likely to be used by a behaviourist?

A)interview
B)projective test
C)direct observation
D)personality inventory

Question 34

Which of the following is not one of Bandura's three factors in reciprocal determinism?

A)environment
B)the person
C)traits
D)behaviour

Question 35

The five-factor model trait dimensions have been shown to have:

A)no relevance in other cultures.
B)only a 20 percent rate of heritability.
C)relevance only for Western cultures.
D)about a 50 percent rate of heritability across cultures.

Question 36

In the Big Five theory of personality,C stands for:

A)conscientiousness.
B)consciousness.
C)contrariness.
D)complexity.

Question 37

According to behaviourists,personality is:

A)driven by unconscious forces.
B)a set of learned responses.
C)motivated by a striving for success.
D)a collection of specific traits.

Question 38

The unique way each individual thinks,acts,and feels is called:

A)personality.
B)nurture.
C)a trait.
D)nature.

Question 39

When one thinks of "value judgment" in relation to personality,one is thinking about:

A)soul.
B)character.
C)temperament.
D)conscience.

Question 40

Sigmund Freud's theory came at a time in history when the predominant attitude toward sex was:

A)liberal.
B)open.
C)repressed.
D)obsessed.

Question 41

The pleasure principle is associated with which element of Freud's personality theory?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 42

Freud's ___________model divided the mind into three levels.

A)trait
B)structural
C)topographic
D)executive

Question 43

"If it feels good do it" best describes the:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)preconscious.

Question 44

You are quite hungry but don't have a dime to your name.If you were described as "all id and only id," what would you do?

A)Distract yourself with images of food.
B)Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner.
C)Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible.
D)Use the defence mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained.

Question 45

Al really likes the revealing dress his buxom date is wearing and says,"What a nice breast you have on." What is the psychodynamic term for this statement?

A)Freudian slip
B)psychic error
C)instinctive statement
D)psychoanalytic indicator

Question 46

Which of Freud's levels of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness?

A)conscious level
B)unconscious level
C)preconscious level
D)postconscious level

Question 47

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg.If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska,what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A)ego
B)superego
C)id
D)preconscious

Question 48

What did you have for lunch an hour ago? Before I asked you that question,the information was in your _______________ level.

A)conscious
B)unconscious
C)postconscious
D)preconscious

Question 49

A patient waiting for an appointment with Sigmund Freud looks around the room to see who else is waiting.Who among the following is most likely to have been one of Freud's patients?

A)Hal,a coal-mine worker who is severely depressed
B)Angela,a maid,who is severely depressed
C)Sue,a wealthy woman who is suffering from sexual repression
D)Mario,a soldier who is suffering from a hysterical disorder

Question 50

For Freud,the seething cauldron of unconscious urges and desires continuously seeking expression is the:

A)id.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)persona.

Question 51

What is Freud's term for the primitive,biological side of personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 52

"Let me put it to you bluntly.In a changing world,we want more people to have control over your life," said George W.Bush in Annandale,Virginia,on August 9,2004.According to Freud,this might be characterized as a/an:

A)Freudian slip.
B)psychic error.
C)instinctive statement.
D)psychoanalytic indicator.

Question 53

Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to:

A)sex.
B)denial.
C)marriage.
D)depression.

Question 54

For Freud,material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ______ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious

Question 55

For Freud,ideas,thoughts,and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the ______ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious

Question 56

Which component of a person's personality is responsible for the continuing desire to engage in sex indiscriminately?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 57

For Freud,the only personality structure present at birth is the:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)preconscious.

Question 58

For Freud,thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ______ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious

Question 59

For Freud,the mind is divided into ___ levels.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 60

In Sigmund Freud's theory,the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A)id
B)ego
C)thanatos
D)superego

Question 61

For Freud,the moral guardian of personality is the:

A)id.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)libido.

Question 62

In the metaphor the angel,the devil,and me,the devil is the:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)libido.

Question 63

What term did Freud use to describe the superego's standard for moral behaviour?

A)ego
B)ego ideal
C)conscience
D)preconscious

Question 64

Which element in Freud's personality theory is composed of the conscience and the ego ideal?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 65

According to Freud,the ______ acts as our conscience.

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)collective unconscious

Question 66

There were three friends.Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Harry was mostly:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)conscience.

Question 67

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely:

A)illogical.
B)selfless.
C)rational.
D)amoral.

Question 68

The ______ controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in the external world.

A)personal unconscious
B)ego
C)superego
D)persona

Question 69

In Freud's personality theory,the ________ are in conflict and the _______ must mediate between them.

A)ego and superego; id
B)id and superego; ego
C)id and ego; superego
D)id,ego,and superego; conscience

Question 70

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks:

A)immediate gratification.
B)perfect accomplishments.
C)to reveal unconscious motivations.
D)rational means for obtaining gratification.

Question 71

What is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual's desires?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 72

The superego develops:

A)at birth.
B)during infancy.
C)during the preschool years.
D)during adolescence.

Question 73

The ego operates according to the ______ principle.

A)guilt/pride
B)reality
C)pleasure
D)reflex

Question 74

According to Freud,thinking and reasoning are controlled by the:

A)pleasure principle.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)animus.

Question 75

In the metaphor the angel,the devil,and me,the angel is the:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)unconscious.

Question 76

According to Freud,the reality principle is the way in which:

A)the ego tries to delay satisfying the id's desires until it can do so safely and successfully.
B)the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain.
C)the ego ideal establishes standards of what one would like to be.
D)young children instinctively seek self-actualization.

Question 77

The superego is made up of the _________ and __________.

A)ego; id
B)conscious; unconscious
C)ego ideal; conscience
D)libido; ego

Question 78

According to Freud,the standard of perfection by which the superego judges the ego's actions is known as the:

A)conscience.
B)archetype.
C)ego ideal.
D)animus.

Question 79

Jessie becomes furious when her favourite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent.According to Freud's model of the mind,her id would unconsciously say:

A)"Thou shalt not kill."
B)"I'm going to tear this program in half!"
C)"What,me angry? I never get angry."
D)"I'm so angry I could kill that player."

Question 80

There were three friends.Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Hermione was mostly:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)libido.