Deck 13: Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Question 1

The major histocompatibility complex is ________.

A)glycoproteins,called MHC antigens,found on all body cells
B)a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
C)found on the third chromosome
D)located in the thymus gland
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions ________.

A)are the result of genetic expression
B)function in recognition of self molecules
C)receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
D)aid in cellular development
E)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n)________.

A)epitope
B)hapten
C)antigen binding site
D)variable region
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Class I MHC genes code for ________.

A)certain secreted complement components
B)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
C)all HLA antigens
D)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 5

MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.

A)leukocytes
B)eosinophils
C)epithelial cells
D)red blood cells
E)islet of Langerhans cells

Question 6

Class II MHC genes code for ________.

A)certain secreted complement components
B)self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
C)all HLA antigens
D)receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in ________.

A)recognition of self
B)antibody proliferation
C)B-cell maturation
D)T-cell maturation
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 8

Lymphocyte maturation involves ________.

A)hormonal signals that initiate development
B)B cells maturing in bone marrow sites
C)T cells maturing in the thymus
D)release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Lymphocytes ________.

A)possess MHC antigens for recognizing self
B)have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens
C)gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self
D)develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.

A)antibodies
B)sensitized T cells
C)activated macrophages
D)plasma cells
E)bursa cells

Question 11

What type of cells secrete antibodies?

A)B cells
B)Cytotoxic T cells
C)Plasma cells
D)Helper T cells
E)Antigen-presenting cells

Question 12

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the ________.

A)variable region
B)joining region
C)constant region
D)light region
E)hinge region

Question 13

Destruction of lymphocytes with self specificity is called ________.

A)clonal deletion
B)proliferation
C)clonal selection
D)differentiation
E)hypersensitivity

Question 14

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed ________.

A)epitope
B)hapten
C)antigen binding site
D)variable region
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 15

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a(n)________.

A)PAMP
B)marker
C)hapten
D)antibody
E)antigen

Question 16

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of ________.

A)skin barriers
B)B and T lymphocytes
C)lysozyme
D)mucous membranes
E)interferon

Question 17

Properties of effective antigens include all the following except ________.

A)are foreign to the immune system
B)have molecular complexity
C)are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000
D)have large polymers made up of repeating subunits
E)are cells or large,complex molecules

Question 18

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.

A)two identical heavy polypeptide chains
B)two identical light polypeptide chains
C)disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains
D)four antigen binding sites
E)a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain

Question 19

Plasma cells ________.

A)secrete antibodies
B)function in allergic reactions
C)directly destroy target cells
D)suppress immune reactions
E)activate B cells and other T cells

Question 20

Helper T cells ________.

A)secrete antibodies
B)function in allergic reactions
C)directly destroy target cells
D)suppress immune reactions
E)activate B cells and other T cells

Question 21

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?

A)Neutralization
B)Opsonization
C)Complement fixation
D)Agglutination
E)Memory response

Question 22

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is ________.

A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgE
D)IgG
E)IgM

Question 23

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus,saliva,colostrum,and other body secretions is ________.

A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgE
D)IgG
E)IgM

Question 24

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity?

A)Neutralization
B)Opsonization
C)Complement fixation
D)Agglutination
E)Anamnestic response

Question 25

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.

A)superantigens
B)heterophilic antigens
C)allergens
D)autoantigens
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 26

The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.

A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgE
D)IgG
E)IgM

Question 27

During presentation of APC-bound antigen,macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine,________,that activates T helper cells.

A)interferon
B)interleukin-2
C)interleukin-1
D)histamine
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 28

________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.

A)IgG
B)IgM
C)IgA
D)IgD
E)IgE

Question 29

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

A)Neutralization
B)Opsonization
C)Complement fixation
D)Agglutination
E)Anamnestic response

Question 30

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin?

A)Is called the crystallizable fragment
B)Forms the antigen binding sites
C)Contains an effector molecule that can bind to cells such as macrophages and mast cells
D)Contains an effector molecule that can fix complement
E)Determines the class to which the immunoglobulin belongs

Question 31

All of the following are characteristics of IgM except ________.

A)has 10 antigen binding sites
B)contains a central J chain
C)is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell
D)can serve as a B-cell receptor
E)is a dimer

Question 32

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?

A)Neutralization
B)Opsonization
C)Complement fixation
D)Agglutination
E)Anamnestic response

Question 33

An activated TH cell produces ________,which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A)interleukin-1
B)interleukin-2
C)interleukin-12
D)antiserum
E)complement

Question 34

Superantigens are ________.

A)body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign
B)cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members
C)bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
D)those that evoke allergic reactions
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 35

The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells are ________.

A)IgM only
B)IgG only
C)IgD only
D)IgM and IgD
E)IgD and IgE

Question 36

Which immunoglobulin class(es)can fix complement?

A)IgM only
B)IgG only
C)IgD only
D)IgM and IgG
E)IgE and IgA

Question 37

T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.

A)typically a protein antigen
B)binding of T-cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage
C)binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen
D)interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 38

Antigen-presenting cells ________.

A)include dendritic cells
B)include macrophages
C)engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic
D)hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a property of B cells?

A)Produce plasma cells and memory cells
B)Low numbers circulating in the blood
C)Require antigen presented with MHC proteins
D)Receptors called immunoglobins
E)Mature in the bone marrow

Question 40

Each ________ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.

A)variable
B)Fab
C)Fc
D)terminal
E)hinge

Question 41

The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.

A)helper T cells
B)suppressor T cells
C)cytotoxic T cells
D)delayed hypersensitivity T cells
E)natural killer (NK)cells

Question 42

Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by ________.

A)removal of virulence genes from the microbe
B)treatment with formalin,heat,or radiation
C)passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture
D)long-term subculturing of the microbe
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 43

The benefit of specific immunity is the production of ________ that provide long-lasting protection.

A)antibodies
B)plasma cells
C)T helper cells
D)memory cells
E)phagocytotic cells

Question 44

Which of the following is not a target for TC cells?

A)Bacteria
B)Virus-infected cells
C)Cancer cells
D)Human transplanted liver
E)Pig transplanted heart

Question 45

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?

A)Adjuvant
B)Booster
C)Antibodies to toxin
D)Gamma globulin
E)"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

Question 46

An example of natural passive immunity would be ________.

A)chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity
B)chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 47

When an antibody is covering a foreign microorganism,complement may be activated via the ________ pathway.

A)classical
B)lectin
C)alternative
D)interleukin

Question 48

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

A)Helper T cells
B)Suppressor T cells
C)Cytotoxic T cells
D)Delayed hypersensitivity T cells
E)Natural killer (NK)cells

Question 49

Immunotherapy is the ________.

A)use of antitoxins
B)use of immune serum globulin
C)conferring of passive immunity
D)administering of preformed antibodies
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Live,attenuated vaccines ________.

A)include the Sabin polio vaccine
B)include the measles,mumps,rubella vaccine (MMR)
C)contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person
D)require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

All nucleated cells contain ________.

A)class I MHC
B)class II MHC
C)secretory antibodies
D)IgE receptors
E)IgM molecules

Question 52

Cytotoxic T cells ________.

A)are directly activated by antigens
B)lack specificity for antigen.
C)secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells
D)secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 53

An example of artificial active immunity would be ________.

A)chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity
B)chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 54

An example of artificial passive immunity would be ________.

A)chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity
B)chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 55

Antitoxins ________.

A)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules
B)are always genetically engineered
C)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses
D)confer passive immunity
E)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen

Question 56

Edward Jenner's work involved ________.

A)inoculation of dried pus from smallpox pustules into a person to stimulate immunity
B)development of passive immunotherapy
C)development of an immunization to protect people against cowpox
D)immunization using a related,less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 57

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines ________.

A)contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules
B)are always genetically engineered
C)contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses
D)confer passive immunity
E)utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen

Question 58

An example of natural active immunity would be ________.

A)chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity
B)chickenpox vaccine,which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
C)giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
D)a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 59

High titers of specific antibodies are components of ________.

A)specific immune globulin (SIG)
B)gamma globulin
C)immune serum globulin (ISG)
D)attenuated vaccines
E)toxoids

Question 60

What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?

A)Antigen expression
B)Antibody production
C)Clonal expansion
D)Antigen presentation
E)Opsonization

Question 61

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?

A)Primary
B)Secondary
C)Tertiary
D)Quaternary
E)Memory response

Question 62

After secreting antibodies during an immune response,plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.

Question 63

One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes but the antibodies will all have the same specificity.

Question 64

Which of the statements below represents the correct order in the development of an immune response?

A)Development and clonal deletion; antigen presentation; lymphocyte challenge; lymphocyte response
B)Antigen presentation; development and clonal deletion; lymphocyte challenge; lymphocyte response
C)Lymphocyte challenge; antigen presentation; development and clonal deletion; lymphocyte response
D)Development and clonal deletion; lymphocyte challenge; antigen presentation; lymphocyte response

Question 65

Activation of B cells occurs when antigen binds to B-cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.

Question 66

Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of specific immunity?

A)The fourth stage of specific immunity involves the production of antibodies by B and T cells against the antigen that initiated the response.
B)The second stage in the development of specific immunity requires the antigen to be presented to the T cells on the surface of an APC.
C)During the third stage in the development of specific immunity,B and T cells are challenged by the antigen and respond by differentiating and proliferating.
D)The initiation of specific immunity involves the development of lymphocytes with the deletion of cells that would react to self molecules.

Question 67

Clonal selection can be stimulated by foreign or self antigens.

Question 68

The diversity and specificity of the lymphocyte repertoire against any potential antigen it may encounter is due to the rearrangement of gene segments that code for the antigen receptors.

Question 69

The third line of defense can be summarized in four stages; I-antigen binding to T helper cells,II-antigen binding to B cells,III-phagocytosis of antigen by B and T lymphocytes,IV-killing of antigen.

Question 70

Which statement is true regarding lymphocyte specificity?

A)Genetic rearrangement in the DNA that codes for antigen receptors results in up to 10 trillion permutations in the variable regions of B- and T lymphocyte-receptors.
B)There is a different gene for every possible antigen that a lymphocyte may encounter.
C)B lymphocytes have specificity for a large number of different antigens,however T lymphocytes can recognize only 500 antigens corresponding to the number of gene segments that code for the antigen receptors.
D)B- and T cell-receptors are identical and both recognize up to 500 antigens corresponding to the gene segments that code for the antigen receptor variable regions.

Question 71

Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity.

Question 72

Antibodies directed to alloantigen from one organism often cross-react with an alloantigen from another organism.

Question 73

Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa.

Question 74

B cell-receptors are similar to T cell-receptors in that ________.

A)both receptors are similar in size
B)both receptors have a variable and a constant region
C)both receptors can be secreted in response to antigen
D)both receptors are comprised of four polypeptide chains
E)All of the choices reflect similarities between B cell- and T cell-receptors.

Question 75

The secondary response to an antigen is faster and bigger than the primary response.

Question 76

The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.

Question 77

Antibody molecules circulate in lymph,blood,and tissue fluids.

Question 78

The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.

Question 79

A naive B lymphocyte has receptors bound to its surface that ________.

A)are all specific for the same antigen
B)have a variable region that is different to the variable regions of B cell-receptors embedded in other naive B lymphocytes
C)is one of up to 10 trillion possible protein configurations due to genetic rearrangement
D)will have the same variable region as the antibodies that will be secreted following a challenge by the corresponding antigen
E)All of the choices are true statements concerning B lymphocyte-receptors.

Question 80

B cell-receptors differ from T cell-receptors in that ________.

A)B cell-receptors are comprised of four polypeptides,whereas T cell-receptors are made up of two polypeptides
B)B cell-receptors are immunoglobulins similar to those that are secreted,whereas T cell-receptors are not immunoglobulins and are never secreted
C)T cell-receptors are much smaller than B cell-receptors
D)All of the choices reflect differences between B cell- and T cell-receptors.