Deck 17: The Potential Consequences of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy

Question 1

Inhalant abuse during pregnancy seems to be connected to which of the following outcomes?

A) Fetal death
B) Ataxia following birth
C) Growth retardation
D) All of these answers

Answer 1

All of these answers

Question 2

According to your text, which of the following statements is true?

A) There is a relationship between maternal substance use, depression and attempted suicide following birth.
B) Scientists have been able to clearly identify a specific pattern in children born to drug-abusing mothers.
C) Unless a child develops fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, children born to drug-abusing mothers are not at a higher risk developmentally than children born to non-drug-abusing mothers.
D) Most women of childbearing age with substance abuse disorders get the appropriate treatment needed.

Answer 2

There is a relationship between maternal substance use, depression and attempted suicide following birth.

Question 3

It has been estimated that of the women who give birth each year in the U.S. smoke cigarettes, and did so during pregnancy.

A) 5-15 percent
B) 16-30 percent
C) 8-10 percent
D) 40­50 percent

Answer 3

16-30 percent

Question 4

A danger of disulfiram use during pregnancy is that it might

A) result in higher levels of lead in the fetal circulation, resulting in hepatoxicity.
B) result in higher levels of lead in the fetal circulation, resulting in neurotoxicity.
C) result in higher levels of ganglioside inhibition in the brain.
D) have no effect at all, as the lead in the maternal circulation is unable to cross the placental barrier.

Question 5

Alcohol does not pass into a mother's breast milk.

Question 6

Because of developmental immaturity in the liver and organs of elimination, the neonatal withdrawal syndrome for short- and intermediate-acting barbiturates

A) usually starts 10-14 days after delivery.
B) usually starts within the first 4 days following delivery.
C) requires exposure to barbiturate residue in maternal breast milk to be triggered.
D) is only seen if the mother has been abusing short-term barbiturates, as long-acting compounds are self- tapering and thus not a problem.

Question 7

The concentration of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, is found to be higher in the mother's breast milk than in the mother's blood level.

A) 1.5 times
B) 3 times
C) 4.5 times
D) 6 times

Question 8

The effects of toxins on a fetus, especially during the first trimester, are

A) insignificant.
B) only concerning if the mother has a substance addiction.
C) magnified.
D) only concerning if more than one drug is ingested.

Question 9

According to your text, meet diagnostic criteria for admission to treatment for a substance use disorder.

A) 10 percent of all women
B) 10 percent of all women of childbearing age
C) 10 percent of women who are pregnant
D) 85 percent of all women of childbearing age

Question 10

Premature birth of maternal amphetamine use during pregnancy.

A) is a possible consequence
B) is usually seen in cases
C) is never seen in cases
D) is seen in about 50 percent of the cases

Question 11

When a pregnant woman ingests alcohol, the blood alcohol level of the fetus will

A) reach twice that of the mother's blood alcohol level within 30 minutes.
B) reach approximately the same level as the mother's in 15 minutes.
C) reach the same level as the mother's blood, but be biotransformed more rapidly by the fetus' liver and then eliminated from the fetal circulation.
D) only reach 15 percent of the maternal blood level.

Question 12

The vast pool of research data addressing maternal amphetamine use during pregnancy

A) suggests that these compounds result in a baby that will be addicted to amphetamines following birth.
B) suggests that these compounds make the concurrent use of opioids by the mother less likely.
C) does not exist as this has not been the subject of much research in the clinical literature.
D) suggests that the long-term effects for the fetus are about the same as maternal opioid addiction during pregnancy.

Question 13

The authors do not recommend nicotine replacement therapy as a way to help pregnant smokers quit.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of prenatal exposure to amphetamines?

A) Visual cortex dysfunction
B) Facial abnormalities
C) Premature birth
D) Congenital brain lesions

Question 15

According to your text, what percentage of women use alcohol during pregnancy?

A) 1.5 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 10.8 percent
D) 8.10 percent

Question 16

What percentage of pregnant women answered positively when asked if they had used alcohol in the past 30 days in a study cited by your text?

A) 4.5 percent
B) 5.1 percent
C) 8.7 percent
D) 7.6 percent

Question 17

What has been found to help reduce the number and severity of drug-induced consequences during pregnancy?

A) Prenatal visits with a doctor
B) Putting pregnant, drug-abusing women in jail
C) Warning labels on alcohol and tobacco products
D) Substance abuse treatment

Question 18

Preliminary research suggests that congenital growth problems are more common in infants of MDMA abusing mothers than normal.

A) 2 times
B) 3.5 times
C) 5 times
D) 7 times

Question 19

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is thought to account for

A) 90 percent of the problem of low birth weight in the United States.
B) 35 percent of the problem of perinatal death each year in the United States.
C) 15 percent of the problem of maternal malnutrition during pregnancy in the United States.
D) 5 percent of the problem of perinatal death each year in the United States.

Question 20

One reason why neonatal exposure to alcohol or the drugs of abuse in the first trimester is potentially dangerous is because

A) this is a time of organ differentiation and rapid growth of these immature organs, making them especially vulnerable to toxins in the fetal circulation.
B) although the neonate's liver is fully developed, it is too small to cope with the doses of alcohol or illicit drugs used by an adult.
C) the fetus' liver can biotransform these compounds faster than maternal circulation can accept them for transport to the kidneys, forcing them to back up in the fetal circulation.
D) these compounds all increase maternal blood flow rates so much that the fetal circulation is overwhelmed and fetal blood pressure rises.

Question 21

The abuse of Salvia Divinorum by a woman prior to and during pregnancy

A) is not recommended.
B) has been proven to have no effect on the fetus.
C) has about the same impact on fetal growth and development as does the abuse of cocaine.
D) is twice as dangerous to the fetus as the abuse of cocaine during pregnancy.

Question 22

The symptoms of early narcotics withdrawal are

A) so distinct from those of narcotics addiction/withdrawal that most physicians can tell the difference immediately.
B) extremely similar to the symptoms of early pregnancy.
C) usually very different for a pregnant woman addicted to narcotics than for a woman of the same age who is pregnant but not addicted to narcotics.
D) more intense for the pregnant woman who is addicted to narcotics than for a woman of the same age who is pregnant but not addicted to narcotics.

Question 23

Aspirin use during pregnancy

A) has been accepted as standard practice except for women who have the "aspirin triad" of symptoms.
B) has been standard practice during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, but not after that.
C) is to be avoided except under a physician's supervision.
D) is found not to affect fetal blood development and is thus safe for the fetus.

Question 24

What are the effects associated with marijuana use during pregnancy?

Question 25

Discuss the possible effects of smoking during pregnancy.

Question 26

In the not too distant past, opiate withdrawal for the infant born to a woman who was addicted to narcotics

A) had a 90 percent mortality rate.
B) caused the infant to eat more than normal infants of the same age.
C) did not result in a neonatal withdrawal syndrome as the narcotics were unable to cross the placental barrier to enter the fetal circulation.
D) was less intense than narcotics withdrawal for the mother, who was usually addicted to opiates longer than 9 months.

Question 27

It is difficult to identify the effects of maternal cocaine abuse on pregnancy because

A) the last wave of cocaine abuse peaked in the late 1990s, leaving little motivation for foundations to fund research in this area.
B) most pregnant cocaine abusers also abuse other compounds known to affect fetal growth and development.
C) the infants tend to suffer from sleep apnea following birth, which alters cognitive function.
D) the close association between maternal cocaine abuse and sudden infant death syndrome makes it impossible to conduct such research.

Question 28

Discuss the "crack baby" fears that resulted from the peak years of the last wave of cocaine abuse. Have they
panned out?

Question 29

Discuss some of the general issues involving pregnancy and drug/alcohol use.

Question 30

Marijuana use by a woman who is pregnant

A) might possibly interfere with fetal endocannabinoid function.
B) has been shown to have no effect on fetal endocannabinoid function.
C) might possibly interfere with fetal cardiac development.
D) has been shown to interfere with the development of the inner ear structures of the fetus.

Question 31

Describe fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)/fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in terms of the history of the
disorder, its effects, and the scope of the problem.