Deck 17: Health Psychology

Question 1

Adam's friends advise him to spend his free time doing something productive rather than playing online games the entire day.So,he considers joining a gym,but he is not very sure of committing to this new habit.He feels that although going to the gym will keep him in shape and is a better use of his time,he will have to give up playing online games.According to the stages of change model,which of the following stages does this scenario depict?

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation
D)action

Answer 1

contemplation

Question 2

Gina is chain-smoker.When her friends tell her that she is addicted to cigarettes,she disagrees with them saying that she can stop smoking whenever she feels like it.According to the stages of change model,Gina is most likely in the

A)maintenance stage.
B)contemplation stage.
C)precontemplation stage.
D)preparation stage.

Answer 2

precontemplation stage.

Question 3

The theory of planned behavior differs from the theory of reasoned action in that the theory of planned behavior

A)perceives that a person's social group looks favorably on a new behavior.
B)places importance on maintaining a positive attitude.
C)emphasizes the importance of developing specific goals.
D)includes the idea that an individual's perceptions of control over the outcome are important.

Answer 3

includes the idea that an individual's perceptions of control over the outcome are important.

Question 4

Nina has an unusual habit of eating raw rice grains.Her brother says that this behavior has been associated with pica,a disorder characterized by the urge to eat nonfood substances.Nina dismisses her brother's comment saying that she does not have a disorder.According to the stages of change model,Nina is most likely in the

A)determination stage.
B)contemplation stage.
C)termination stage.
D)precontemplation stage.

Question 5

Dr.Isabelle studies the causes of childhood obesity and develops family- and school-based interventions.In the context of psychology,Dr.Isabelle is most likely interested in

A)public health.
B)human factors.
C)organizational psychology.
D)forensic psychology.

Question 6

In the context of the influences on health decision making,_____ refers to the feeling that individuals will strongly look back on their decision with negative emotion.

A)experienced regret
B)anticipated regret
C)competitive regret
D)post-decision regret

Question 7

Jane,a health psychology major,studies the influence of genetics,gender,socioeconomic status,and behavior on stress.In this case,Jane's study is most likely based on the _____ model.

A)biopsychosocial
B)cognitive
C)medical
D)neuropsychological

Question 8

In the context of health psychology,_____ emphasize the crucial role of beliefs about one's ability to make healthy changes,as well as the individual's knowledge and skills.

A)biological theories
B)psychodynamic theories
C)social cognitive theories
D)behavioral theories

Question 9

Gerald wants to wake up early every day so that he can go for a morning walk.He requests his friends to help him wake up.His friends call and wake him up at 7 a.m.following which he goes for his walk.He feels that he can never wake up early on his own if his friends don't call.Which of the following components of the theory of planned behavior is missing in Gerald's plan to wake up early?

A)specific intentions
B)positive attitude
C)social support
D)health behavior

Question 10

Vince is overweight and,hence,wants to join a gym to lose weight.According to the theory of reasoned action,which of the following is a critical factor with regard to Vince's chances of effective change?

A)ignoring specific intentions of his decision to join the gym
B)having the belief that his friends will like what he is doing
C)avoiding specific goals
D)having the ability to control the outcome

Question 11

Fiona's friend Andrew says that she has been very stressed out lately and that she must go for yoga classes. Although Fiona denies it at first,she later agrees with Andrew.She says that yoga classes are usually conducted early in the morning,and she will find it difficult to wake up that early.According to the stages of change model,Fiona is most likely in the

A)precontemplation stage.
B)contemplation stage.
C)preparation stage.
D)action stage.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between mind and body?

A)Mind influences the body,but the body cannot influence the mind.
B)There is always a psychological factor responsible for an illness.
C)Being physically healthy is irrelevant to an individual's psychological wellness.
D)People who have led healthy lives can fall ill.

Question 13

Jack has started a new diet program.He wants to lose 30 pounds.His wife is supporting him,and he feels that the weight loss is under his control.His behavior reflects the theory of

A)planned behavior.
B)health promotion.
C)changed behavior.
D)reasoned action.

Question 14

You are having fun at a New Year's Eve party when your friend Dominic tells you that he really wants to quit smoking.He asks you to share what you know about health psychology so that he can use your advice to help him to successfully quit.If you apply the theory of reasoned action to Dominic's situation,which of the following statements best represents the advice you should offer?

A)"Dominic,you should make an explicit commitment.If you are really serious about quitting,you should make a New Year's resolution to stop smoking."
B)"Dominic,you should envision quitting smoking as a form of punishment for your previous behavior.Think of quitting as a negative behavior."
C)"Dominic,you should make sure you surround yourself with friends who smoke and who don't support your goal of quitting.Having a little adversity from your social network will keep you motivated."
D)"Dominic,you should give in to the 'higher power' and realize that you can't truly control your smoking behavior.Just hope and pray for the best."

Question 15

Ginny was not aware that she talked too loudly,until last week,when her friends made fun of her.According to the stages of change model,Ginny was at the _____ stage.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)action/willpower

Question 16

Lawrence was just told by his doctor that his recent weight gain has placed him at risk for Type II diabetes.Lawrence chooses to ignore his doctor's diagnosis.According to the stages of change model,Lawrence is at which of the following stages?

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)action/willpower

Question 17

Megan talks to a group of adolescents about safe sex practices to help them optimize their physical and mental well-being.In the context of psychology,it can be inferred that Megan in most likely interested in

A)human factors and ergonomics.
B)organizational and personnel psychology.
C)forensic psychology.
D)health promotion.

Question 18

Which of the following is the first stage of change model?

A)preparation/determination
B)precontemplation
C)action/willpower
D)contemplation

Question 19

The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals

A)evolve to think about others before themselves.
B)develop physically and mentally in adolescence.
C)give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles.
D)give up their inhibitions and behave against the norms of society.

Question 20

The main difference between health psychology and behavioral medicine is that,in addition to behavioral and social influences,health psychology focuses on _____ influences,while behavioral medicine focuses on biomedical influences.

A)emotional
B)ecological
C)cognitive
D)evolutionary

Question 21

Kevin knows that he needs to start exercising to lose weight.He has contacted several fitness centers in his locality.According to the stages of change model,Kevin is at the _____ stage.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)action/willpower

Question 22

In the context of the stages of change model,which of the following is a key element in the preparation/ determination stage?

A)whether individuals acknowledge that they have a problem
B)whether individuals defend their current pattern of behavior
C)whether individuals truly feel they are ready to change
D)whether individuals have a support group to encourage change

Question 23

Mark has decided that it is finally time to quit smoking.He has started using nicotine patches to help him control the craving to smoke.He is in the _____ stage of the change model.

A)preparation/determination
B)contemplation
C)action/willpower
D)maintenance

Question 24

After Bob realized that he is overweight,he created a new exercise program for himself.Though he initially had some difficulty setting it up and sticking with it,he has not missed a single workout for the last eight months.While he still has some difficulty in settling into this exercise routine,he manages to reinforce and motivate himself by purchasing different music CDs every month.Bob is most likely in the _____ stage of the change model.

A)action
B)maintenance
C)termination
D)preparation

Question 25

Claire is an alcoholic.After her family confronts her about her drinking problem,she searches the Internet for ways to stop drinking.She also reads extensively about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).According to the stages of change model,Claire is most likely in the

A)contemplation stage.
B)preparation/determination stage.
C)action/willpower stage.
D)precontemplation stage.

Question 26

In the context of stages of change model,individuals get ready to take action in the _____ stage.

A)precontemplation
B)preparation/determination
C)contemplation
D)action/willpower

Question 27

Richard is a disorganized person,and his friends feel that he should be more organized.According to the stages of change model,if he is in the preparation stage,which of the following will occur next?

A)He will deny that he is unorganized.
B)He will realize that he is unorganized.
C)He will start trying to be more organized.
D)He will enact a plan to be more organizeD.

Question 28

Mathew is addicted to marijuana.He starts taking surfing lessons hoping that it will give him the same rush that marijuana does.According to the stages of change model,Mathew is in the _____ stage.

A)contemplation
B)preparation
C)precontemplation
D)action

Question 29

Which of the following lists the stages of change model in the right sequence?

A)preparation/determination;precontemplation;contemplation;action/willpower;maintenance
B)preparation/determination;action/willpower;precontemplation;contemplation;maintenance
C)precontemplation;contemplation;preparation/determination;action/willpower;maintenance
D)precontemplation;contemplation;preparation/determination;maintenance;action/willpower

Question 30

Natalie has a weight problem and has joined a weight reduction program in her neighborhood.She has been attending the program for two weeks.According to the stages of change model,Natalie is most likely in the _____.

A)precontemplation stage
B)contemplation stage
C)preparation/determination stage
D)action/willpower stage

Question 31

Madison is addicted to drugs.According to the stages of change model,if she is in the contemplation stage of changing her habit,which of the following will occur next?

A)She will think about ways to get over the addiction.
B)She will realize that she is addicted to drugs.
C)She will stop doing drugs immediately.
D)She will join a rehabilitation center.

Question 32

Which of the following is a key consideration in the preparation stage of the change model?

A)support from others
B)readiness to change
C)acceptance of the problem
D)creation of a backup plan

Question 33

In the context of stages of change model,who among the following is most likely in the preparation/ determination stage?

A)Stefan,who agrees that he overeats but has no intention of changing his behavior
B)Gunther,who starts thinking about ways to continue his newly acquired habit of meditation
C)Olga,who denies that she is anemic
D)Lydia,who starts thinking about ways to stop smoking

Question 34

Mary,an alcoholic,has stayed sober for over six months.Her parents buy her a new car to show support and encourage her new behavior.According to the stages of change model,Mary is most likely in the _____ stage.

A)contemplation
B)maintenance
C)action/willpower
D)precontemplation

Question 35

In the context of the stages of change model,people in the contemplation stage

A)are unaware that they have a problem behavior.
B)acknowledge the problem but may not be ready to commit to change.
C)start thinking concretely about how they might take on their new challenge.
D)commit to making a real behavioral change and enact an effective plan.

Question 36

In the context of the stages of change model,identify the stage which is exemplified by an individual who says "Problem? What problem? I don't have a problem."

A)action/willpower
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)precontemplation

Question 37

Martha is trying to change her exercise routine for a healthier lifestyle.She develops a new exercise schedule and plans to implement it the next month.Martha is in the _____ stage of the change model.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)action/willpower

Question 38

Stacy has lost 10 of the 20 pounds she intended to lose.She has promised herself that if she loses another ten pounds,she will buy the pair of designer jeans she has wanted for over a year.According to the stages of change model,Stacy is at the _____ stage.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)action/willpower

Question 39

Pete has been smoking for several years.He is finally thinking about quitting because he often has trouble breathing.He makes a list of the pros and cons of quitting smoking.Pete is at which of the following stages of change model?

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)action/willpower

Question 40

In the stages of change model,a key factor that differentiates the _____ is the awareness that a particular behavior is problematic.

A)contemplation stage from the action stage
B)contemplation stage from the preparation stage
C)preparation stage from the action stage
D)precontemplation stage from the contemplation stage

Question 41

Janet's grandfather dies of cancer.As soon as Jake hears of her grandfather's death,he visits her and offers her food and a sympathy card.In the context of social support,which of the following types of benefit does Jake offer?

A)irrational support and tangible assistance
B)information and tangible assistance
C)tangible assistance and emotional support
D)information and emotional support

Question 42

Gemma has not smoked a cigarette for four months.However,after hearing about the death of a close friend,she went to a store,purchased a new pack,and smoked many cigarettes on her way home.Which of the following terms describes Gemma's decision to smoke again?

A)relapse
B)transcendence
C)contemplation
D)precontemplation

Question 43

Which of the following is an advantage of the stages of change model?

A)Individuals do not skip any stage and move from one to another sequentially.
B)It can be used to develop realistic expectations of the change process.
C)It refers more to attitudes that change than to behaviors.
D)All stages promote the readiness to change.

Question 44

Which of the following is a criticism of the stages of change model?

A)It promotes change rather than readiness to change.
B)It refers more to attitudes that change than to behaviors.
C)It doesn't capture the ways individuals make positive life changes.
D)It is relevant only to individuals trying to quit smoking or lose weight.

Question 45

To stay fit,John started jogging.Although it was difficult for him initially,jogging has now become a part of his daily routine.According to the stages of change model,this behavior is described as

A)transcendence.
B)resistance.
C)relapse.
D)transference.

Question 46

In the context of the stages of change model,transcendence occurs in the

A)maintenance stage.
B)relapse stage.
C)contemplation stage.
D)action/willpower stage.

Question 47

In the stages of change model,_____ means a person no longer requires conscious attention to maintain the new,healthy behavior.

A)determination
B)transcendence
C)cognitive appraisal
D)willpower

Question 48

Mia began a running routine to lose weight last year.She now runs for the joy of running.Mia has

A)reached self-actualization.
B)become resistant to change.
C)reached transcendence.
D)adapted to her weight problem.

Question 49

Gareth is in the process of overcoming his drug addiction.In this case,Gareth's change will be most effective if

A)he does it for external rewards.
B)he does it involuntarily.
C)he does it to please his parents.
D)he does it for himself.

Question 50

Bryan is having trouble with mathematics.His friend gives him a book that will help him score better and also teaches him easy ways to learn mathematics.In this scenario,which of the following types of social support is Bryan's friend providing him?

A)tangible assistance
B)information
C)emotional support
D)logical support

Question 51

Which of the following is the last stage of the change model?

A)resolution
B)resistance
C)action/willpower
D)maintenance

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of motivations for a positive change?

A)Achieving short-term goals demotivates people from achieving their long-term goals.
B)When people feel less autonomous,they are more motivated to change.
C)Intrinsic factors motivate people while extrinsic factors don't.
D)Motivational tools for self-change involve changing for the right reasons.

Question 53

Turning to others who act as a sounding board or a willing ear is referred to as

A)social loafing
B)social sustainability
C)social sharing
D)social stratification

Question 54

Harry is abstaining from drinking.To help him overcome his alcohol addiction,he has joined a running club.He meets them every day after work.He has also begun giving excuses to avoid meeting his coworkers for drinks.Harry is most likely in the _____ stage of the change model.

A)action/willpower
B)contemplation
C)preparation/determination
D)maintenance

Question 55

In the context of stages of change model,who among the following is in the maintenance stage?

A)an individual who is in denial
B)an individual who is getting ready to take action
C)an individual who experiences relapse
D)an individual who finds ways to stay motivated

Question 56

Britney's dog,Dino,dies.Her mother tells her,"Don't worry! She is in a better place now.Isn't that more important?" Which of the following types of social support is Britney's mother providing her?

A)tangible assistance
B)information
C)emotional support
D)logical support

Question 57

Ryan is sad because his girlfriend broke up with him.Ryan's father assures him that he has a lot of desirable traits and that he will forget about the relationship very soon.Which of the following types of social support is Ryan's father providing?

A)tangible assistance
B)information
C)emotional support
D)All of these.

Question 58

In the context of stages of change model,which of the following statements is true of relapse?

A)Relapse occurs in the action/willpower stage of change model.
B)Relapse is a state in which individuals have successfully avoided temptation.
C)Relapse is a common aspect of change.
D)Relapse occurs in the contemplation stage of change model.

Question 59

Joey gets laid off at work.His colleague helps him by sharing new job leads.In the context of social support,which of the following types of benefits does Joey receive from his colleague in this scenario?

A)tangible assistance
B)information
C)emotional support
D)logical support

Question 60

Lisa gives birth to a baby boy.While assuring her that she will be a good parent,Lisa's mother shows her how to take care of the baby.Lisa is thankful that her mother is also taking care of the household chores.Which type of benefit of social support does this scenario exemplify?

A)tangible assistance
B)information
C)emotional support
D)All of these.

Question 61

Hans Selye's term _____ refers to the common effects on the body when stressful demands are placed on it.

A)transactional stress response
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)general adaptation syndrome
D)chronic stress response

Question 62

Emma is shocked when her teacher announces that there is a pop quiz on the reading material that was assigned the day before.Which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome will Emma be experiencing first?

A)exhaustion
B)secondary
C)resistance
D)alarm

Question 63

According to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),_____ is a temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits.

A)resistance stage
B)alarm stage
C)exhaustion stage
D)latent stage

Question 64

The general adaptation syndrome refers to the

A)steps taken during cognitive appraisal.
B)body's response to stressors.
C)frustration created by conflict.
D)the stages of behavioral change.

Question 65

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),the body's immune system can fight off infection with remarkable efficiency during the

A)alarm stage
B)resistance stage
C)exhaustion stage
D)primary stage

Question 66

When Emily walked into her biology class,she was surprised to see a quiz waiting for her on her desk.She was not prepared for the quiz and was worried when she saw it.In this scenario,Emily likely experienced the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)secondary

Question 67

Once individuals get over the initial stress associated with their first exam of finals week,the fact that they have several more exams will likely lead their body to enter the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)primary

Question 68

A fundamental premise of the general adaptation syndrome is that

A)alarm,resistance,and exhaustion are the common effects of the stressful demands on the body.
B)some people are immune to stress.
C)most individuals experience a temporary state of shock during the exhaustion stage,which causes resistance to illness and stress to fall below normal limits.
D)stress acts on the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true of the HPA axis?

A)It is a complex set of interactions between the hypothalamus,pancreas,and the adrenal gland.
B)When the brain detects a threat in the environment,it signals the adrenal gland.
C)The hypothalamus produces corticotropin-releasing hormone.
D)It does not regulate immune system responses.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between religious faith and health?

A)Religious involvement increases the risk of premature death.
B)Religious faith is negatively correlated to the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle.
C)All religions frown on moderation and promote excessive behaviors.
D)The social connections promoted by religious activity can help prevent loneliness.

Question 71

When a rat is first placed in an overcrowded cage,it will likely enter the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)curious
B)alarm
C)resistance
D)exhaustion

Question 72

_____,proposed by Selye,is useful in helping people understand the link between stress and health.

A)Fisher syndrome
B)General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
C)Carpal tunnel syndrome
D)Afferent loop syndrome (ALS)

Question 73

Hans Selye's three-stage pattern of reaction to stress is known as the

A)factor theory of stress.
B)stress response syndrome.
C)personal adjustment system.
D)general adaptation syndrome.

Question 74

Deena's colleague tells her that meditation will help her deal with stress.In the context of benefits of social support,Deena's colleague is most likely offering

A)irrational support.
B)condolences.
C)information.
D)tangible assistance.

Question 75

Maurice has to study for her psychology test.However,all the textbooks on psychology in the library have been borrowed by other students.She had lent her notes to her friend and has not got them back.The test is scheduled for the very next day,and she has a terrible headache.Maurice is experiencing

A)transcendence.
B)stress.
C)daily hassle.
D)relapse.

Question 76

Professor McDowell is explaining the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)to his students.He states that the hormones that reduce the inflammation normally associated with injury circulate at high levels.In this scenario,Professor McDowell is referring to the _____ stage of GAS.

A)latent stage
B)alarm stage
C)resistance stage
D)exhaustion stage

Question 77

The circumstances that threaten a person and tax his or her coping abilities are called

A)conveyors.
B)implementation intentions.
C)stimulants.
D)stressors.

Question 78

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A)alarm,resistance,and challenge
B)primary appraisal,alarm,and secondary appraisal
C)challenge,frustration,and exhaustion
D)alarm,resistance,and exhaustion

Question 79

_____ directs the cells to make sugar,fat,and protein available so that the body can take quick actions in stressful situations.

A)Corticotropin-releasing hormone
B)Melanin
C)Thyroxin
D)Cortisol

Question 80

In which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome does the body release hormones that affect the functioning of the immune system?

A)alarm
B)adaptation
C)contemplation
D)exhaustion