Deck 11: Motives and Personality

Question 1

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is a(n):

A)self-report questionnaire.
B)intelligence inventory.
C)psychopathology index.
D)projective assessment technique.

Answer 1

projective assessment technique.

Question 2

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)was developed by:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Hermann Rorschach.
C)Abraham Maslow.
D)Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan.

Answer 2

Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan.

Question 3

In the context of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),which of the following statements is true about state levels of a need?

A)They remain constant for a person even under specific circumstances.
B)Their evaluation is the most frequent goal of personality psychologists.
C)Their assessment refers to a person's average tendency on a specific trait.
D)They refer to a person's momentary amount of a specific neeD.

Answer 3

They refer to a person's momentary amount of a specific neeD.

Question 4

Which of the following is an essential feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A)Subjects are made to sit in a darkened room and watch a glowing rod surrounded by a glowing square frame.
B)Subjects are given a list of human acts and asked to categorize them under different personality traits.
C)Subjects are given an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe and interpret what is going on.
D)Subjects are given a pair of statements and asked to indicate which statement in the pair is more true of them.

Question 5

Why do we think of motives as dynamic?

A)Levels of needs decrease with age.
B)Some motives exhibit gender differences.
C)Various motives interact with one another within a person.
D)Everyone has at least two motives.

Question 6

Like dispositional psychologists,motive psychologists stress that:

A)people differ from one another in the type and strength of their motives.
B)differences between people are measurable.
C)differences between people cause or are associated with important life outcomes.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

According to Murray,people might actually seek to increase tension:

A)only if they suffer from mental illness.
B)because they want to seek attention from others.
C)in order to experience the pleasure of reducing that tension.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 8

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)was developed in the:

A)1860s.
B)1950s.
C)1930s.
D)1970s.

Question 9

According to Henry Murray,which of the following terms best refers to need-relevant aspects of an individual's environment?

A)Parsimony
B)Apperception
C)Flow
D)Press

Question 10

Motives satisfy needs with:

A)thoughts and fantasies.
B)behaviors.
C)thoughts,fantasies,and behaviors.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 11

Which of the following terms best describes a state of tension within a person that is usually caused by a lack of something?

A)Alpha press
B)Motive
C)Beta press
D)Need

Question 12

Which of the following psychologists was one of the first to develop a modern theory of motivation?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Henry Murray
D)David McClelland

Question 13

The idea that an individual's various needs can be thought of as existing at different levels of strength is referred to as:

A)the hierarchy of needs.
B)press.
C)motive constellations.
D)the need tree.

Question 14

Beta press refers to the:

A)objective features of an environment.
B)subjective features of an environment.
C)strength of a need.
D)strength of a motive.

Question 15

The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is termed:

A)integration.
B)apperception.
C)self-actualization.
D)motivation.

Question 16

McClelland described two different types of motivation,which are:

A)internal motivation and external motivation.
B)alpha press and beta press.
C)implicit motivation and self-attributed motivation.
D)conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.

Question 17

Which of the following questions do motivational psychologists ask?

A)What are people like?
B)What do people want?
C)What do people do?
D)Why do people like what they like?

Question 18

Which of the following terms best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behavior toward specific objects or goals?

A)Need
B)Desire
C)Motive
D)Press

Question 19

_____ refers to the objective features of an environment.

A)Alpha press
B)Beta press
C)A need
D)A motive

Question 20

Henry Murray assumed that needs varied:

A)over time.
B)based on situations.
C)between people.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

The Multi-Motive Grid is:

A)a term used to describe the interconnected relationship between motives.
B)a procedure used to assess alpha press and beta press.
C)a relatively new technique used to assess motives.
D)an idea that our needs and motives influence apperception.

Question 22

Unlike men low in need for power (nPow),men high in nPow are more likely to _____.

A)have satisfying dating relationships
B)engage in sex at an earlier age
C)have low divorce rates
D)desire independent women as their ideal wives

Question 23

In the context of determining sex differences,which of the following is a major difference between men and women high in need for achievement (nAch)?

A)Preference for moderate challenge
B)Personal responsibility for an outcome
C)Tasks with feedback
D)Childhood experiences

Question 24

_____ who score high on the need for power (nPow)tend to be more impulsive and aggressive.

A)People who score high on the need for achievement (nAch)and
B)Women
C)Men
D)Both men and women

Question 25

Spangler found that the _____ was a better predictor of long-term outcomes,and the _____ was a better predictor of short-term responses.

A)interview method;Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
B)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT);interview method
C)questionnaire method;Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT);questionnaire method

Question 26

The name most associated with research on the need for power (nPow)is:

A)David McClelland.
B)David Winter.
C)Abraham Maslow.
D)Dan McAdams.

Question 27

In the context of cultural differences in how the need for achievement (nAch)is expressed,the psychologist Demerath found that in Papua New Guinea,_____.

A)students were taught to value individual achievement more than group achievement
B)parents of high-achieving students had them classified as special-education students
C)schools were seen as noncompetitive places where it was important for all to do well
D)students viewed cheating as a common and acceptable practice

Question 28

People who score high on the need for achievement (nAch):

A)prefer moderately challenging activities.
B)enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for outcomes.
C)prefer tasks where feedback on their performance is available.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 29

Heckhausen (1982)suggests that when setting challenging standards for a child to promote achievement motivation,parents should _____.

A)emphasize the child's ability over his or her effort
B)set a goal that exceeds the child's abilities
C)instill a fear of failure
D)reward the child when a goal is attained

Question 30

The name most associated with research on the need for achievement (nAch)is:

A)David McClelland.
B)David Winter.
C)Abraham Maslow.
D)Dan McAdams.

Question 31

People high in the need for achievement (nAch)are very concerned with:

A)having an impact.
B)making money.
C)doing things better.
D)helping other people.

Question 32

When studying childhood experiences associated with the need for achievement (nAch),Jerome Kagan and Moss (1962)found that:

A)mothers of schoolgirls high in nAch were highly affectionate toward their daughters.
B)mothers of girls high in nAch were competitive toward their daughters.
C)women whose parents had separated when they were children had lower nAch.
D)women whose parents had divorced during their childhood were less likely to be drawn to potentially risky careers.

Question 33

Which of the following motives is associated with poor health when inhibited?

A)Achievement
B)Intimacy
C)Power
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 34

Some researchers have criticized the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)because:

A)it has poor test-retest reliability.
B)responses to one picture may not correlate with responses to other pictures.
C)it has poor internal reliability.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

The big three motives are based on the needs for:

A)sex,aggression,and play.
B)competence,sex,and aggression.
C)self-esteem,self-expression,and reality.
D)achievement,power,and intimacy.

Question 36

According to Donhauser,Rosch,and Schultheiss (2015),which of the following is a characteristic of people high on need for power (nPow)?

A)They are faster at recognizing facial expressions of emotions in others.
B)They avoid ostentatious displays of valued personal possessions.
C)They discourage others from reacting to them with admiration.
D)They prefer as friends people who are well known or popular.

Question 37

People who score high on the need for achievement (nAch)prefer tasks with a _____ level of difficulty.

A)low
B)high
C)moderate
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 38

Independence training is thought to promote a:

A)need for power (nPow).
B)need for achievement (nAch).
C)need for intimacy (nInt).
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 39

The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy (nInt)is:

A)David McClelland.
B)David Winter.
C)Abraham Maslow.
D)Dan McAdams.

Question 40

According to Andrews (1967),students with a high need for achievement (nAch)are most likely to:

A)speak with a professor prior to their exams.
B)use few job-seeking strategies after their graduation.
C)investigate course requirements immediately after enrolling in a class.
D)start looking for a job without waiting to receive feedback about their academic performance.

Question 41

Loneliness is a sign that _____ needs are not being satisfied.

A)belongingness
B)safety
C)esteem
D)self-actualization

Question 42

Examples of physiological needs are:

A)food and air.
B)shelter and security.
C)respect and achievement.
D)love and acceptance.

Question 43

Which of the following is a characteristic of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)Needs toward the top of the hierarchy are more relevant to survival than needs lower in the hierarchy.
B)The higher-level needs emerge earlier than the lower-level needs during the course of human development.
C)Safety needs include needs that are of prime importance to the immediate survival of an individual.
D)The lower-level needs must be satisfied before proceeding to satisfy the higher-level needs.

Question 44

Examples of safety needs are:

A)food and air.
B)shelter and security.
C)respect and achievement.
D)love and acceptance.

Question 45

Maslow estimated that about _____ percent of the population are growth motivated and are working on becoming all that they can become.

A)1
B)10
C)25
D)50

Question 46

_____ is defined as a subjective state that people report when they are completely involved in something to the point of forgetting time,fatigue,and everything else but the activity itself.

A)Power stress
B)Flow
C)Anxiety
D)Distortion

Question 47

Which of the following is a growth-based motive?

A)Power
B)Achievement
C)Intimacy
D)Self-actualization

Question 48

Which of the following terms best describes the act of becoming the person one was meant to be?

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-esteem
C)The idiographic approach
D)Positive regard

Question 49

Abraham Maslow thought that _____ needs are usually satisfied before people proceed to satisfy other needs.

A)esteem
B)physiological
C)self-actualization
D)safety

Question 50

_____ has been associated with having a satisfying job and family life.

A)Need for intimacy (nInt)
B)Need for power (nPow)
C)Need for achievement (nInt)
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 51

Unlike people low in need for intimacy (nInt),people high in nInt are most likely to:

A)write less letters and have many good friends.
B)report more pleasant emotions when they are around other people.
C)spend more time during the day thinking about ways to make money to sustain their relationships.
D)be loud,outgoing,life-of-the-party extraverts.

Question 52

Unlike psychoanalysis,the humanistic tradition provides a(n)_____ view of human nature.

A)confused
B)optimistic
C)pessimistic
D)open-minded

Question 53

People high in the need for intimacy (nInt)tend to:

A)have a few close friends.
B)have more friends than people low in the need for intimacy (nInt).
C)be physically attractive.
D)be extraverteD.

Question 54

Needs at the _____ of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy are more powerful when not satisfied.

A)top
B)bottom
C)middle
D)top and at the bottom

Question 55

On average,women have a higher _____ than men.

A)need for power (nPow)
B)need for intimacy (nInt)
C)need for achievement (nAch)
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

The humanistic tradition is most associated with the:

A)motive to self-actualize.
B)need for power (nPow).
C)need for intimacy (nInt).
D)need for achievement (nAch).

Question 57

Who among the following theorized the hierarchy of needs?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Abraham Maslow
C)David Winter
D)David McClelland

Question 58

The humanist tradition emphasizes:

A)free will.
B)personal responsibility.
C)growth.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 59

Examples of esteem needs are:

A)food and air.
B)shelter and security.
C)respect and achievement.
D)love and acceptance.

Question 60

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following correctly lists needs from weakest to strongest?

A)Physiological,esteem,belongingness,safety,self-actualization
B)Physiological,safety,belongingness,esteem,self-actualization
C)Self-actualization,esteem,belongingness,safety,physiological
D)Self-actualization,safety,belongingness,esteem,physiological

Question 61

According to Carl Rogers,good parents should:

A)provide their children unconditional positive regard.
B)set firm goals for their children.
C)try to self-actualize their child.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 62

Carl Roger's client-centered therapy is designed to:

A)get a person back on the path to self-actualization.
B)interpret a person's problems.
C)solve a person's problems.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 63

People who accept their weaknesses and shortcomings probably experience:

A)conditions of worth.
B)unconditional positive self-regard.
C)positive regard.
D)conditional positive regarD.

Question 64

Carl Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be:

A)miserable.
B)slightly unhappy.
C)fully self-actualized.
D)fully functioning.

Question 65

Who among the following developed client-centered therapy?

A)Carl Rogers
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Henry Murray
D)David McClelland

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizing people?

A)They are spontaneous.
B)They have an affinity for solitude.
C)They are creative.
D)They are well enculturateD.

Question 67

People who are self-actualizing are usually:

A)famous.
B)wealthy.
C)creative.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

A fully functioning person:

A)has met physiological and safety needs.
B)has achieved self-actualization.
C)is moving toward the goal of self-actualization.
D)rejects experiences that are incongruent with his or her goals.

Question 69

Abraham Maslow conducted case studies of a number of people:

A)in over a dozen countries.
B)who he knew personally.
C)who he thought were self-actualizers.
D)at each of the hierarchically-organized levels.

Question 70

Which of the following is a feature of Carl Roger's client-centered therapy?

A)Clients are given an interpretation of their problem.
B)The therapist tries to create the right conditions in which clients can change themselves.
C)Clients are informed about the course of action that will be taken to solve their problem.
D)The therapist identifies a specialist who can transform a client based on a decided course of action.

Question 71

Which of the following defense mechanisms did Carl Rogers emphasize?

A)Reaction formation
B)Sublimation
C)Distortion
D)Projection

Question 72

A parent may withhold love from children unless they earn good grades.Carl Rogers would cite this as an example of:

A)bullying.
B)positive regard.
C)conditions of worth.
D)low need for intimacy (nInt).

Question 73

Carl Rogers described the in-born need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for:

A)conditions of worth.
B)positive regard.
C)intimacy.
D)attachment.

Question 74

According to a study that compared groups defined in terms of where they stood on Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy in terms of overall happiness,people working on higher-level needs _____ compared to people working on more basic needs.

A)are less happy
B)are happier
C)are no different in terms of overall happiness
D)sleep more

Question 75

To reduce your anxiety,Carl Rogers would recommend that you:

A)change your self-concept.
B)engage in distortion.
C)use more empathy.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 76

Which of the following is a characteristic of fully functioning persons?

A)They like to live in the future.
B)They are highly conventional and collectivistic in their approach.
C)They automatically look around to others for guidance when faced with a decision.
D)They are on their way to self-actualization.

Question 77

Which of the following is a characteristic of adults who have experienced many conditions of worth in their childhood?

A)They work out of their own sense of self-direction.
B)They remain centered on their own desires and wants.
C)They act in ways that make others unhappy and miserable.
D)They remain preoccupied with what others think of them.

Question 78

According to Carl Rogers,anxiety is a result of:

A)positive regard.
B)distorting one's experiences.
C)having an experience that does not fit with one's self-conception.
D)experiencing conditions of worth.

Question 79

The term that best describes the act of altering an experience rather than one's self-image to reduce threat is:

A)conditions of worth.
B)distortion.
C)anxiety.
D)reflection.

Question 80

According to Carl Rogers,people who experience many conditions of worth may:

A)lose touch with their own desires and wants.
B)work primarily for approval from others.
C)distort their shortcomings.
D)All of the answers are correct.