Deck 20: Summary and Future Directions

Question 1

The _____ domain concerns the aspects of personality that are stable and that make people different from each other.

A)adjustment
B)dispositional
C)social and cultural
D)cognitive/experiential

Answer 1

dispositional

Question 2

The cognitive/experiential domain pertains to:

A)areas of the mind that are outside of conscious awareness.
B)goals that people strive for.
C)evolutionary perspectives on personality.
D)the accurate measurement of traits and abilities.

Answer 2

goals that people strive for.

Question 3

Many psychologists view the unconscious:

A)as a theory with no empirical support,and they also do not support other theories of Sigmund Freud.
B)as an automatic information-processing mechanism that can influence conscious awareness.
C)as being irrelevant as it can be shown to hold inaccurate or false memories.
D)as based on Sigmund Freud's fundamental assumption about the motivational system.

Answer 3

as an automatic information-processing mechanism that can influence conscious awareness.

Question 4

Most of the major personality traits are now known to show some moderate amount of heritability,with _____ percent of the variance in these traits due to genetic differences.

A)10 to 20
B)30 to 50
C)60 to 80
D)100

Question 5

The ultimate goal of personality psychology is to understand:

A)differences between people.
B)how people behave across different cultures.
C)how people are similar to one another.
D)the whole of human nature.

Question 6

Major questions for psychologists working in the dispositional domain include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)How many personality traits exist?
B)How do personality traits develop?
C)How do personality traits interact with situations to produce behaviors?
D)Are the major personality traits of human personality moderately heritable?

Question 7

In the biological domain of knowledge,researchers are most likely to concentrate on:

A)approach and avoidance relationships.
B)the number of basic personality dispositions.
C)the genetic basis of human personality.
D)genetics at the molecular level.

Question 8

Perhaps most critically,an evolutionary perspective asks:

A)"What are the basic traits of personality?"
B)"What is the adaptive function of each psychological mechanism?"
C)"Are there sex differences in every domain of personality?"
D)"How close have evolutionary adaptations come to perfection?"

Question 9

The authors believe that an evolutionary perspective will:

A)supplant other perspectives as a dominant force in personality psychology.
B)continue to gain in importance,although it will not supplant other perspectives.
C)replace the cognitive domain by basing mental functioning on a variety of psychological mechanisms.
D)provide insight into human nature by discovering a universal set of personality dispositions.

Question 10

To gain an understanding of the complete picture of human personality,psychologists should:

A)work together as a team to gain an understanding of the human nature level of personality.
B)be systematic in their approach,use diverse methods and approaches of study,and communicate clearly with each other.
C)build upon the foundation of knowledge developed by researchers who are investigating the intrapsychic domain.
D)continue to work in even narrower specialty areas within personality psychology.

Question 11

Personality psychologists doing research today typically focus on:

A)grand theories of personality.
B)the cognitive/experiential domain.
C)the biological domain.
D)specific components of personality.

Question 12

Future research on genetics and behavior is likely to lead to new discoveries in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A)in the identification of specific genes that contribute to explaining the genetic variance in behavioral dimensions and disorders.
B)in the determination of how one's genetic makeup contributes to physiological features like eye color or height.
C)in the identification of the effects of shared and nonshared family environments.
D)in the identification of genes that are responsible for synthesizing specific neurotransmitters.

Question 13

_____ concerns the factors within the mind that influence behavior,thoughts,and emotions;the domain also includes defense mechanisms.

A)The intrapsychic domain
B)The dispositional domain
C)The biological domain
D)The adjustment domain

Question 14

Many psychologists in the intrapsychic domain _____.

A)do not believe in unconscious psychological processes
B)do not study the unconscious
C)have developed impressive methods for studying the unconscious,such as priming and subliminal exposure
D)believe that the unconscious is a cognitive byproduct

Question 15

Building a foundation to understand the whole of human personality:

A)will never be possible because human personality is too complex to be understood completely.
B)can be accomplished by gaining and integrating knowledge about its many parts.
C)has been accomplished by modern personality psychologists using the latest personality research methods.
D)cannot be accomplished by modern personality psychology in the foreseeable future of science.

Question 16

Kiara,a personality psychologist,focuses her attention on self-concept and identity.Her work primarily involves understanding how individuals view themselves,their knowledge of themselves,their images of their past selves,and their images of their possible future selves.In the context of the domains of knowledge,Kiara is most likely working in the _____.

A)dispositional domain
B)cognitive/experiential domain
C)social and cultural domain
D)biological domain

Question 17

Zeba,a personality psychologist,focuses on the interaction of persons and situations.She is of the opinion that each person has a distinct psychological signature in terms of specific "if ...then ..." relationships.Also,she has found that two people who score high on the same personality trait usually have different situations triggering this aspect of their personality.In the context of the domains of knowledge,Zeba is most likely working in the _____.

A)biological domain
B)dispositional domain
C)social and cultural domain
D)cognitive/experiential domain

Question 18

Which of the following domains of knowledge includes evolutionary perspectives on personality and focuses on understanding how genetics contributes to personality?

A)The dispositional domain
B)The intrapsychic domain
C)The adjustment domain
D)The biological domain

Question 19

Further research using the lexical approach is:

A)unnecessary.
B)likely to find new traits related to sociability.
C)likely to find new traits related to gender differences.
D)likely to find new traits related to agreeableness.

Question 20

The intrapsychic domain includes:

A)the oedipal complex.
B)the libido.
C)thanatos.
D)repression.

Question 21

The _____ domain centers on subjective experience and other mental processes,such as thoughts,feelings,beliefs,and desires about oneself and others.

A)intrapsychic
B)dispositional
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential

Question 22

In the context of personality in the twenty-first century,the most exciting progress will occur when:

A)researchers continue to work in isolation on different domains of knowledge that they have specialized in over a period of time.
B)researchers,perhaps working on multidisciplinary teams,combine different levels of analysis and different methods in approaching central questions of importance to the field.
C)there is a synthesis of all personality psychology findings under a common framework based on evolutionary psychology.
D)researchers attempt to lay the foundation of biological determinism using the results obtained from the Human Genome Project as a basis for studying human personality.

Question 23

Understanding gender differences is most likely associated with personality psychologists in the _____ domain.

A)intrapsychic
B)dispositional
C)social and cultural
D)cognitive/experiential

Question 24

The fact that our world is becoming "smaller" demonstrates the importance of the _____ domain.

A)intrapsychic
B)social and cultural
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential

Question 25

Researchers working in the _____ domain are especially interested in how people influence their environment and how personality influences the processes of selection,evocation,and manipulation.

A)intrapsychic
B)social and cultural
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential

Question 26

Which of the following concepts is studied by researchers examining the social and cultural domain of personality?

A)Individualism and collectivism
B)Psychopathology
C)Pleasantness and unpleasantness
D)Introversion and extraversion

Question 27

Keith,a personality psychologist,primarily focuses on the association between personality and health outcomes.His work revolves around understanding how personality is linked to a variety of health-related behaviors.He plans to focus on personality in relation to health and well-being in the future.In the context of the domains of knowledge,which of the following domains is Keith most likely to be associated with?

A)The adjustment domain
B)The dispositional domain
C)The biological domain
D)The intrapsychic domain