Deck 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Question 1

Your friend Marie is pregnant and wants to learn about the changes that will take place in the child she is carrying before it is born.You suggest that she go to the library and look up

A)prenatal development.
B)neonatal development.
C)the Apgar.
D)anoxia.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Most of the body structures and internal organs develop during the period of the

A)embryo.
B)fetus.
C)zygote.
D)ectoderm.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Near the centre of a zygote is a small cluster of cells called the ________,which will eventually develop into the baby.

A)placenta
B)amnion
C)fetus
D)germ disc

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The zygote implants into the

A)uterine wall.
B)fallopian tube.
C)vaginal wall.
D)ovarian wall.

Question 5

Amy doesn't know it yet,but she is pregnant.She conceived one week ago and has not yet missed a menstrual period.Amy's developing child is in the period of the

A)fetus.
B)zygote.
C)embryo.
D)endoderm.

Question 6

Implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterus begins

A)immediately after conception.
B)about one week after conception.
C)during the period of the embryo.
D)during the period of the fetus.

Question 7

Prenatal development takes an average of 38 weeks,which are divided into how many stages?

A)four
B)six
C)three
D)ten

Question 8

A fertilized egg is called a(n)

A)amnion.
B)umbilical cord.
C)mesoderm.
D)zygote.

Question 9

A zygote is

A)a structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.
B)a sac filled with amniotic fluid.
C)a fertilized egg.
D)what a developing organism is called after it is completely embedded in the uterine wall.

Question 10

The period of the embryo goes from ________ weeks after conception.

A)zero to two
B)three to eight
C)six to 12
D)nine to 38

Question 11

The process of a zygote burrowing into the uterine wall is referred to as

A)fertilization.
B)implantation.
C)differentiation.
D)crowning.

Question 12

The period from conception to birth normally lasts ________ weeks.

A)30
B)34
C)38
D)42

Question 13

The ________ is where nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.

A)germ disc
B)placenta
C)ectoderm
D)amnion

Question 14

The developing organism is called an embryo

A)from the moment of conception.
B)when cell division begins.
C)when bodily systems begin to work.
D)once implantation is complete.

Question 15

Once implantation is complete,the developing organism is called a(n)

A)fetus.
B)zygote.
C)germ disc.
D)embryo.

Question 16

Immediately after conception,a fertilized egg is referred to as a(n)

A)fetus.
B)embryo.
C)germ disc.
D)zygote.

Question 17

Differentiation of cells begins

A)during the period of the embryo.
B)during the period of the fetus.
C)during the period of the zygote.
D)at birth.

Question 18

Your sister is pregnant and wonders how her baby takes in nutrients and gets rid of waste products.You tell her that it happens through a structure called a(n)

A)germ disc.
B)amnion.
C)placenta.
D)ectoderm.

Question 19

When the zygote consists of about 100 cells and looks like a hollow ball,it is called a(n)

A)fertilized egg.
B)embryo.
C)fetus.
D)blastocyst.

Question 20

Which of the following events does NOT occur during the period of the zygote?

A)rapid division of the cells
B)differentiation of cells
C)development of body structures and internal organs
D)implantation

Question 21

During the period of ________,the developing individual becomes much larger and its bodily systems begin to work.

A)the zygote
B)the fetus
C)the embryo
D)differentiation

Question 22

Eyebrows,eyelashes,and scalp hair emerge:

A)during the fifth and sixth months after conception.
B)during the eighth month after conception.
C)during the third month after conception.
D)during the seventh and eighth month after conception.

Question 23

The ectoderm will become

A)the arms and legs.
B)hair,the outer layer of skin,and the nervous system.
C)muscles,bones,and the circulatory system.
D)the digestive system and lungs.

Question 24

The ________ will form the digestive system and the lungs.

A)endoderm
B)amnion
C)ectoderm
D)mesoderm

Question 25

The umbilical cord

A)has blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta.
B)has blood vessels that are directly connected to the mother's blood vessels.
C)develops during the period of the fetus.
D)is filled with amniotic fluid.

Question 26

Erin is eight weeks pregnant with her first child.She wonders what her developing child looks like.You tell her that her developing child resembles a

A)hollow ball.
B)salamander more than a human being.
C)human being complete with eyes,jaw,arms,and legs,but no sex organs.
D)human being complete with sex organs.

Question 27

The mesoderm will become

A)the arms and legs.
B)hair,the outer layer of skin,and the nervous system.
C)muscles,bones,and the circulatory system.
D)the digestive system and lungs.

Question 28

In the ________,the blood vessels from the umbilical cord run close to the mother's blood vessels,but aren't actually connected to them.

A)amnion
B)placenta
C)zygote
D)germ disc

Question 29

The ________ will form muscles,bones,and the circulatory system.

A)ectoderm
B)mesoderm
C)placenta
D)endoderm

Question 30

DiPietro and colleagues (2007) found that fetuses

A)with greater heart rate variability were,as two-month-olds,more advanced in their motor,mental,and language development.
B)with less heart rate variability were,as two-month-olds,more advanced in their motor,mental,and language development.
C)with greater heart rate variability were,as two-month-olds,less advanced in their motor,mental,and language development.
D)with no heart rate variability were,as two-month-olds.no different in their motor,mental,and language development from those with greater heart rate variability.

Question 31

The hair,the outer layer of skin,and the nervous system develop from the

A)ectoderm.
B)endoderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)germ disc.

Question 32

Three layers called the ectoderm,mesoderm,and endoderm form in the developing organism during the period of the

A)amnion.
B)fetus.
C)zygote.
D)embryo.

Question 33

The ________ is a fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

A)placenta
B)umbilical cord
C)germ disc
D)amniotic sac

Question 34

The thick,greasy substance that covers the skin during the fifth and sixth months after conception is called the:

A)placenta.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)villi.
D)vernix.

Question 35

The ________ is the inner layer,the ________ is the middle layer,and the ________ is the outer layer of the embryo.

A)mesoderm;ectoderm;endoderm
B)ectoderm;mesoderm;endoderm
C)endoderm;mesoderm;ectoderm
D)endoderm;ectoderm;mesoderm

Question 36

The period of the ________ lasts from nine to 38 weeks after conception.

A)fetus
B)zygote
C)germ disc
D)embryo

Question 37

The longest phase of prenatal development is the period of

A)the embryo.
B)viability.
C)the fetus.
D)the zygote.

Question 38

During the last five months of pregnancy,the fetus gains,on average,an additional:

A)ten kilograms.
B)one kilogram.
C)three or four kilograms.
D)seven kilograms.

Question 39

The ________ houses blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta.

A)amnion
B)amniotic fluid
C)umbilical cord
D)endoderm

Question 40

The endoderm will become

A)the arms and legs.
B)hair,the outer layer of skin,and the nervous system.
C)muscles,bones,and the circulatory system.
D)the digestive system and lungs.

Question 41

The age of viability occurs around the

A)third month of prenatal development.
B)fifth month of prenatal development.
C)seventh month of prenatal development.
D)ninth month of prenatal development.

Question 42

Your friend Cassie is eight months pregnant and has heard that she should read to her unborn child.What would you tell her based on research of reading aloud during pregnancy?

A)Don't bother.Your baby's hearing isn't sufficiently developed to hear you anyway.
B)Your baby can hear,but the uterine environment is so noisy that your baby is not going to hear what you read very well.
C)If you read to your baby before she's born,she will be able to hear you but she won't have any memory of it after she's born.
D)If you read to your baby before she's born,not only will she hear you,but after she is born she might recognize the rhythm of a story you read to her in utero.

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and outcomes for the baby?

A)Maternal stress increases the flow of blood to the fetus.
B)Women who report greater anxiety during pregnancy more often give birth early or have babies who weigh less than average.
C)Stress does not seem to affect a pregnant woman's immune system.
D)The effects of occasional,mild anxiety are the same as those associated with prolonged,extreme stress.

Question 44

Emerson's mother ate a lot of dill pickles during her pregnancy,especially during the last month.Based on the studies discussed in the text,what is likely to happen as a result?

A)Emerson will be very sick because of the salt intake.
B)When Emerson is old enough to eat solids,there is a good chance that she will like dill pickles.
C)When Emerson is old enough to eat solids,there is a good chance that she will hate dill pickles.
D)Nothing will happen,the food consumed by a pregnant woman has no effect on the fetus.

Question 45

When pregnant women do not consume enough folic acid,they are likely to have babies born with

A)rubella.
B)low birth weight.
C)cytomegalovirus.
D)spina bifida.

Question 46

Which of the following pregnant women has an increased risk of having a child with spina bifida?

A)Elizabeth,who is under a great deal of stress
B)Elaine,who is a heavy drinker
C)Eleanor,who has rubella
D)Ellen,whose diet is low in folic acid

Question 47

Your friend Kristy is terribly concerned about getting fat during pregnancy so she has severely restricted her calorie intake.What would you tell her about eating during pregnancy?

A)"You're right to keep your calorie intake low.It'll make losing weight after the baby's born much easier,and the baby won't be affected because she is going to get all the nourishment she needs from you anyway."
B)"Keep restricting your calories! Research shows that mothers who eat low-calorie,low-fat diets during pregnancy have healthier,smarter babies."
C)"You'd better start eating better.Inadequately nourished babies are likely to be born prematurely,are more vulnerable to illness,and may have damaged nervous systems."
D)"Eat whatever you want and don't worry about getting fat.Ninety percent of the weight gained during pregnancy is the baby,the placenta,and the fluid in the amniotic sac.Just make sure you get plenty of calories and you'll have a healthy baby."

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a general risk factor for prenatal development?

A)nutrition
B)ethnic background
C)mother's age
D)stress

Question 49

Amy is of average height and weight.How much weight should she gain during pregnancy?

A)1 to 3 kilograms
B)5 to 8 kilograms
C)11 to 16 kilograms
D)25 to 35 kilograms

Question 50

During the period of the fetus

A)cells begin to differentiate.
B)most of the bodily structures and organs are formed.
C)an insulating layer of fat develops.
D)very little growth of the fetus occurs.

Question 51

Maternal stress during pregnancy may affect prenatal development because when a pregnant woman experiences stress

A)her immune system is weakened.
B)oxygen flow to the fetus is increased.
C)she is less likely to smoke and drink.
D)she is more likely to consume high levels of folic acid.

Question 52

Research in which mothers read aloud during the last months of their pregnancy suggests that

A)fetuses are unable to hear.
B)fetuses are able to hear in utero but will not remember what they heard in utero after they are born.
C)newborns are able to recognize some sounds they heard before they were born.
D)both fetuses and newborns prefer non-rhythmic to rhythmic sounds.

Question 53

The weight of the baby makes up about ________ of the weight that a pregnant woman gains.

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)all

Question 54

Inadequate prenatal nourishment is associated with

A)damage to the nervous system.
B)blindness.
C)deafness.
D)encephalitis.

Question 55

Stress during pregnancy

A)is harmful even when it is relatively mild.
B)increases the mother's resistance to illness during pregnancy.
C)is associated with premature birth and low birthweight babies.
D)does not appear to have any harmful effects on the developing child.

Question 56

Newborns whose mothers had read The Cat in the Hat aloud twice a day during the last two months of pregnancy

A)did not show any recognition of the story.
B)showed a preference for tapes of their mother reading The Cat in the Hat but not other stories.
C)could not hear the story because their ears were not well-developed.
D)listened to The Cat in the Hat and other stories equally.

Question 57

Cheri is 28 weeks pregnant,has gone into labour,and is worried about what will happen if her baby is born now.Cheri's baby

A)is unlikely to survive.
B)has a chance to survive but may have difficulty breathing and regulating his body temperature.
C)has a chance to survive but will not yet be able to hear.
D)is sufficiently developed that he has an excellent chance of survival with little risk of developmental problems.

Question 58

Regina is pregnant and has heard that maternal stress during pregnancy can be harmful to the unborn baby.She is generally calm and happy but becomes a little upset when her favourite basketball team loses and wonders if she should stop watching basketball until her baby is born.What should she do?

A)Regina should either quit watching basketball or start rooting for a better team.Maternal stress at any level has been found to have harmful consequences on prenatal development.
B)Regina should keep following her favourite team.Maternal stress has been found to have a positive,stimulating effect on an unborn child.
C)As long as Regina doesn't get too upset and stressed when her team loses,she should keep watching basketball.Although excessive stress may harm prenatal development,mild anxiety is not thought to have any harmful consequences on prenatal development.
D)Regina should do whatever she wants to do.Even high levels of stress do not appear to be related to prenatal development.

Question 59

The age of viability refers to the

A)time since conception.
B)age at which a baby is expected to be born.
C)age at which a fetus can hear sounds.
D)age at which a fetus has a chance to survive if born.

Question 60

Katrina is pregnant and wonders how much food she should eat.She should

A)reduce her calorie consumption by 10 to 20 percent.
B)consume the same number of calories as she did before she became pregnant.
C)increase her calorie consumption by 10 to 20 percent.
D)increase her calorie consumption by 100 percent.

Question 61

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A)are usually born prematurely.
B)may have neural impairments.
C)usually have normal levels of intelligence.
D)have deformed limbs.

Question 62

________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby as it passes through the birth canal.

A)Genital herpes
B)Rubella
C)Syphilis
D)Cytomegalovirus

Question 63

Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development is referred to as a(n)

A)teratogen.
B)stress.
C)anoxia.
D)cytomegalovirus.

Question 64

Roxanne is a 16-year-old pregnant with her first child.Which of the following statements is true?

A)If Roxanne gets adequate prenatal care,she is just as likely as a woman in her 20s to have a problem-free pregnancy and to give birth to a healthy child.
B)If Roxanne gives birth to a healthy child,the child has no greater risk of later school or behavioural problems than a child born to a woman in her 20s.
C)Roxanne is as likely as a woman in her 20s to seek out good prenatal care.
D)Even with good prenatal care,Roxanne is less likely than a woman in her 20s to have a problem-free pregnancy and a healthy child.

Question 65

Exposure to lead,mercury,or X-rays during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of

A)developmental disabilities.
B)premature birth.
C)facial deformities.
D)poor motor control.

Question 66

The incidence of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome is highest for women in their

A)teens.
B)twenties.
C)thirties.
D)forties.

Question 67

Kim contracted rubella while she was pregnant;therefore,she is at risk of having a baby with

A)developmental disabilities and damaged eyes,ears,and heart.
B)damage to the central nervous system,teeth,and bones.
C)an abnormally small head.
D)frequent infections and neurological disorders.

Question 68

Women who smoke marijuana while pregnant have an increased risk of having a(n):

A)irritable baby.
B)low birthweight baby with poor motor control.
C)baby with facial deformities and delayed growth.
D)baby with an intellectual disability.

Question 69

Who has the best chance of having a healthy baby?

A)Silvia,who is 16 years old and under a great deal of stress because her pregnancy is unwanted and she's afraid to tell anyone about it.
B)Judi,who is 26 years old and constantly dieting.
C)Rebecca,who is 34 years old and gets regular checkups.
D)Lynn,who is 42 years old and eats right.

Question 70

Anne drank heavily during her pregnancy.She has an increased risk of having a child

A)with impaired cognitive skills.
B)with Down syndrome.
C)with deformed limbs.
D)who is irritable.

Question 71

Teenage mothers are

A)more likely to have children who do less well in school and who have more behavioural problems.
B)more likely to have babies with Down syndrome.
C)less likely to have problems with pregnancy,labour,and delivery.
D)are more likely to seek out prenatal care.

Question 72

The best policy for pregnant women to follow concerning alcohol is to

A)not drink at all.
B)drink lightly.
C)drink moderately.
D)drink heavily.

Question 73

According to Jaffee (2003),teenage motherhood leads to harmful consequences through two distinct mechanisms.What are these two distinct mechanisms?

A)social influence and nutrition
B)social influence and social selection
C)social selection and socioeconomic status
D)social selection and social viability

Question 74

________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of having a baby with deformed arms,legs,hands,or fingers.

A)Having AIDS
B)Using marijuana
C)Using cocaine
D)Taking thalidomide

Question 75

What is true about mothers who give birth in their 40s?

A)They are just as able as younger women to provide the sort of sensitive,responsive caregiving that promotes a child's development.
B)They are less likely to give birth to babies with Down syndrome than mothers who give birth in their 20s.
C)They are less likely to have miscarriages than mothers who give birth in their 20s.
D)they are more likely to have babies with higher birth weights than mothers who give birth in their 20s.

Question 76

________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby both through the placenta and during passage through the birth canal.

A)Genital herpes
B)Cytomegalovirus
C)Syphilis
D)AIDS

Question 77

Women who took thalidomide during pregnancy gave birth to offspring with a high incidence of

A)intellectual disabilities.
B)deafness and blindness.
C)deformed arms,legs,hands,or fingers.
D)poor verbal and memory skills.

Question 78

Caroline is pregnant and has decided that she will keep smoking.What might happen as a result?

A)Her baby will be bigger than average at birth.
B)As her child grows older,they may show signs of impaired attention,language,and cognitive skills,along with behavioural problems.
C)Her child will be fine as cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be safe.
D)She will be less likely to miscarry.

Question 79

Gitte has AIDS and is pregnant.What are the potential consequences for her offspring?

A)frequent infections,neurological disorders,and death
B)intellectual disability,damage to eyes,ears,and heart
C)deafness,blindness,abnormally small head
D)encephalitis,enlarged spleen,improper blood clotting

Question 80

Cytomegalovirus

A)is a genetic disorder.
B)can result in an abnormally small head.
C)is associated with deformed arms,legs,hands,or fingers.
D)is likely to result in encephalitis.