Deck 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The _____ model of schizophrenia suggests that it may develop in individuals with a genetic and biological predisposition to the disorder following exposure to environmental stressors.

A)diathesis-stress
B)biopsychosocial
C)transactional
D)stress-vulnerability-coping

Answer 1

diathesis-stress

Question 2

Identify a true statement on the use of societal norms as a criterion for defining abnormality.

A)All behaviors that are socially deviant should be considered abnormal.
B)Psychologists universally rely on societal norms to define abnormality.
C)Our notions of what is socially deviant changes over time.
D)Some argue that we must apply statistical approaches to define abnormality.

Answer 2

Our notions of what is socially deviant changes over time.

Question 3

Whether to accept universal or culturally relative definitions of abnormality is a source of continuing controversy in psychology.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Validity refers to the degree to which the diagnosis accurately portrays the clinical disorder it is supposed to describe.

Question 5

A person's behavior that might appear disordered if it occurred on a street corner in the United States,could appear to be appropriate and understandable if it occurred in a shamanistic ceremony.What principle should we use to better understand and identify abnormality in such behaviors?

A)Social learning theory
B)Cultural relativism
C)Symbolic interaction theory
D)Statistical approach

Question 6

_____ refers to attributing pathological symptoms to normative cultural differences.

A)Overpathologizing
B)Underpathologizing
C)Underdiagnosis
D)Overdiagnosis

Question 7

______ is characterized by delusions and hallucinations,lack of motivation,social withdrawal,impaired memory,and dysregulated emotions.

A)Schizophrenia
B)Attention deficit
C)Hyperactivity disorder
D)Psychosis

Question 8

With regard to children,the _____ measure is used to assess both internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors.

A)Child and Adolescent Behavior Scale (CABS)
B)Youth Measurement of Behavior (YMB)
C)Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
D)Children's Behavior Scale (CBS)

Question 9

An approach to defining abnormality focuses on whether an individual's behavior is associated with impairment,inefficiency,deviance,or subjective distress when carrying out customary roles.

Question 10

Which of the following criticisms led to the addition of a list of 25 "culture-bound syndromes" to the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition)?

A)Psychologists panned the DSM-III as it perpetuated the idea that only disorders found in Western countries are culture-bound.
B)The DSM-III focused only on the physical syndromes of various psychological disorders.
C)Cross-cultural psychiatrists argued that the DSM-III ignored the importance of a patient's cultural background.
D)Criticism from social psychologists that the DSM did not take advances in social psychology into consideration.

Question 11

Which of the following was true of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition)?

A)It offered a more inclusive account of psychological disorders that went beyond North American and Western European descriptions and experiences.
B)It included a list of 25 "culture-bound syndromes" in the appendix.
C)It provided evidence on how cultures exploit ethnic minorities.
D)It replaced DSM-III's previous label of culture-bound syndromes with cultural concepts of distress.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of cultural concepts of distress (CCD)?

A)The concept of cultural explanation is not an element of cultural concept of distress.
B)The tenets of cultural concepts of distress are relevant for understanding all psychological disorders.
C)The tenets of cultural concepts of distress are relevant for understanding psychological disorders limited only to the Western world.
D)The concept of culture-bound syndromes is a broader and more comprehensive construct than the DSM-V's label of cultural concepts of distress.

Question 13

_____ refers to misinterpreting culturally sanctioned behavior as expressions of pathological symptoms.

A)Overpathologizing
B)Underpathologizing
C)Overdiagnosis
D)Underdiagnosis

Question 14

Many cross-cultural scholars argue that we can understand and identify abnormality only if we take the cultural context into account.

Question 15

In the _____ approach to defining abnormality,a behavior can be defined as abnormal because its occurrence is rare or infrequent.

A)statistical
B)qualitative
C)correlation-based
D)meta-analytic

Question 16

There is a common misperception that schizophrenia refers to having multiple or split personalities,due partly to the literal translation of the term schizophrenia which means _____.

A)multiple habits
B)split emotion
C)multiple actions
D)split mind

Question 17

The World Health Organization's (WHO)large-scale global studies of schizophrenia that started in the 1970s used the _____ to diagnose schizophrenia.

A)Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)
B)Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)
C)Present State Examination (PSE)
D)HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_Interview_for_Genetic_Studies" \o "Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies" ?Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS)

Question 18

Reliability refers to the degree to which the same diagnoses would be made consistently over time and by different clinicians.

Question 19

Which of the following refers to a viewpoint that suggests that psychological disorders can only be understood in the cultural framework within which they occur?

A)Cultural fit hypothesis
B)Cultural relativism
C)Cultural syndromes
D)Cultural display rules

Question 20

_____ refers to psychological disorders that encompass behavioral,cognitive,and emotional aspects of functioning.

A)Psychopathology
B)Chronic fatigue syndrome
C)Osteogenesis imperfecta
D)Paraplegia

Question 21

In the context of cultural syndromes of distress,which of the following disorders found in Cambodia is recognized as symptoms based on cultural trauma that is distinct from PTSD.

A)Zar
B)Baksbat
C)Amok
D)Whakama

Question 22

In the context of cultural syndromes of distress,_____ is an altered state of consciousness observed among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel.

A)Zar
B)Whakama
C)Baksbat
D)Amok

Question 23

What are the main features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A)Panic attacks,avoidance behavior,and inattentiveness
B)Aggression,alcohol abuse,and hyperactivity
C)Indecisiveness,panic attacks,and unconsciousness
D)Hyperactivity,impulsivity,and inattentiveness

Question 24

Which of the following is true of the study conducted by World Health Organization (1983)on symptoms of depression in Canada,Switzerland,Iran,and Japan?

A)Great majority of patients,76% of the 573 cases,reported cross-culturally constant symptoms.
B)There were no reports of suicidal ideation among the groups of patients studied.
C)Men are universally more likely to experience depression than women.
D)The incidence of depression has fallen remarkably over the past few decades.

Question 25

The ADHD Working Group published a consensus statement arguing that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is a valid disorder found in both developed and developing cultures,that it has a neurobiological basis,and that it is unrecognized,underdiagnosed,and subsequently,left untreated in many countries.

Question 26

Which of the following refers to bodily symptoms as expressions of psychological distress?

A)Dysplasia
B)Anaplasia
C)Desensitization
D)Somatization

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of the study that compared European and Asian Americans who were depressed with nondepressed people from the same cultural backgrounds,to gauge their emotional reactions to happy and sad films?

A)The results showed that there were no differences between depressed and nondepressed individuals when watching the happy film.
B)Depressed European Americans showed more emotional expression when watching the sad film than nondepressed European Americans.
C)Depressed Asian Americans show less emotional expression when watching the sad film than nondepressed Asian Americans.
D)The researchers concluded that depression has no effect on emotional expression.

Question 28

A view of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)that focuses on the neurobiological component of the disorder cites evidence of _____ in the brain as a primary cause of the ADHD symptoms.

A)physical imbalances
B)chemical imbalances
C)structural imbalances
D)electrical imbalances

Question 29

In the context of cultural syndromes of distress,_____ is the extreme fear that one's genitals are shrinking or retracting into the body,causing death.

A)Whakama
B)Koro
C)Zar
D)Susto

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of Latah,a cultural syndrome of distress?

A)It is characterized by an extreme startle response,echolalia,trancelike behavior,or other inappropriate,uncontrollable behavior.
B)It is an altered state of consciousness observed among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel.
C)It is seen in Cambodia and is recognized as symptoms based on cultural trauma that is distinct from PTSD.
D)It is characterized by the extreme fear that one's genitals are shrinking or retracting into the body,causing death,observed among males in Malaysia.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of depression?

A)Depression is a rare disorder that affects a miniscule percentage of the worldwide population.
B)Unlike schizophrenia,rates of depression remains constant from culture to culture.
C)The incidence of depression decreases dramatically around the time of puberty.
D)Women are more likely to experience depression than men.

Question 32

In the context of studies of patients with schizophrenia,which of the following is an accurate statement of the expressed emotion construct?

A)It conveys the same inherent meaning across different cultures.
B)It suggests that family and social interactions have no influence over the course of schizophrenia.
C)It refers to family communication characterized by hostility,criticism,and emotional overinvolvement.
D)It decreases the risk of relapse significantly for patients with schizophrenia.

Question 33

The approach used in cross-cultural studies of depression,schizophrenia,and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)can be characterized as _____,that is,it assumes universally accepted definitions of abnormality and methodology.

A)etic
B)emic
C)ethic
D)eidetic

Question 34

According to DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fifth edition),which of the following is a subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A)ADHD with symptoms of breathlessness
B)ADHD with symptoms of heavy sweating
C)ADHD with symptoms of inattention
D)ADHD with symptoms of recklessness

Question 35

According to Pfeiffer (1982),which of the following is a dimension for understanding how culture syndromes of distress emerge?

A)Cultural-specific areas of stress
B)Cultural decoding rules
C)Cultural idioms of distress
D)Cultural display rules

Question 36

Depressive disorder is characterized by physical changes,motivational changes,as well as emotional and behavioral changes.

Question 37

_____ is the most widely observed cultural symptoms of distress and has been identified in several countries in Asia (Malaysia,Philippines,and Thailand).

A)Susto
B)Baksbat
C)Zar
D)Amok

Question 38

Which of the following is true of cultural syndromes of distress?

A)It refers to attributing pathological symptoms to normative cultural differences.
B)It refers to misinterpreting culturally sanctioned behavior as expressions of pathological symptoms.
C)It refers to the ways that communities and cultural groups communicate and express their distressing thoughts,behaviors,and emotions.
D)It refers to patterns of symptoms that tend to cluster together for individuals in specific cultural groups,communities,or contexts.

Question 39

_____ is a cultural syndrome of distress caused by a frightening event that may result in "soul loss" and is characterized by sadness,sleep and eating disturbances,fear of unfamiliar places,and impaired social relations with important others.

A)Zar
B)Baksbat
C)Amok
D)Susto

Question 40

Truths or principles that are culture-specific are referred to as _____.

A)emics
B)etics
C)phonemics
D)proxemics

Question 41

According to Marsella (2000),the term _____ was inaccurate because no psychological disorder can escape cultural encoding,shaping,and presentation.

A)cultural relativism
B)cultural syndromes of distress
C)culture-bound syndromes
D)cultural display rules

Question 42

An important lesson from the concept of cultural syndromes of distress is that it is necessary to consider cultural values,beliefs,practices,and social situations in determining how to help someone who is suffering.

Question 43

Acculturation stress hypothesis as proposed by Berry (2003)and others states that:

A)experiencing stresses associated with acculturation may set the stage for poorer mental health.
B)immigrants and sojourners with characteristics that match their host cultures will adjust better than those with less match.
C)gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for girls and women.
D)individuals undergoing acculturation are devoid of stress,anxiety,and psychosomatic problems.

Question 44

In the context of the acculturation,adaptation,and mental health of refugees,_____ refers to the phenomenon whereby greater severity of trauma is associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing a psychological disorder.

A)dose effect
B)cultural reaffirmation effect
C)serial position effect
D)endowment effect

Question 45

_____ is an example of cultural syndromes of distress that is observed among Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean Latinos and its symptoms include feeling out of control,trembling,uncontrollable shouting,intense crying,heat in the chest rising to the head,and dizziness.

A)Latah
B)Amok
C)Ataque de nervios
D)Koro

Question 46

The _____ is a population-level phenomenon that refers to the counterintuitive finding that settlers report better physical and mental health outcomes compared to their U.S.-born peers.

A)immigrant paradox
B)cultural paradox
C)productivity paradox
D)observer's paradox

Question 47

_____ are migrants who are forced to flee from their countries because of political violence,social unrest,war,or civil conflicts.

A)Refugees
B)Natives
C)Captives
D)Indigenes

Question 48

In the context of mental health of ethnic minorities,migrants,and refugees,identify a true statement about African Americans.

A)African Americans report higher lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of major depression and panic disorder compared to European Americans.
B)African Americans report higher lifetime prevalence rates of bipolar disorder.
C)Caribbean blacks who were foreign-born were more likely than African Americans to report substance abuse disorders.
D)The prevalence of substance abuse disorders was lower among African American women compared to Caribbean Black women.

Question 49

The _____ is a comprehensive study of the mental health of African Americans in the United States that distinguishes between those who were born in the United States with U.S.-born parents versus those who were born in a Caribbean country or had parents who were born in a Caribbean country.

A)National Survey of American Life (NSAL)
B)National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
C)American Housing Survey (AHS)
D)American Community Survey (ACS)

Question 50

_____ is characterized by a distorted body image,fear of becoming fat,and a serious loss of weight associated with restraining from eating food or purging after eating.

A)Depression
B)Narcolepsy
C)Anorexia nervosa
D)Bulimia