Deck 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders

Question 1

In examining the roots and history of the development of psychotherapy,some writers have suggested that psychoanalysis was developed specifically within a _____ cultural framework.

A)Christian
B)Buddhist
C)Islamic
D)Jewish

Answer 1

Jewish

Question 2

A cross-national comparison showed that those in the lower income countries are,in general,more likely to seek treatment compared to those in higher-income countries.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In the context of contemporary psychotherapy,_____ emphasize the development of strategies for teaching cognitive skills.

A)cognitive enhancers
B)psychodynamic psychotherapies
C)client-centered approaches
D)cognitive behavioral interventions

Answer 3

cognitive behavioral interventions

Question 4

Which of the following is a finding of the study of "high risk" youth conducted by Garland et al.in 2005?

A)African American and Asian American youth were twice as likely as European American youth to be diagnosed with severe depression.
B)African American and Asian American youth were only half as likely as European American youth to utilize mental health services.
C)African American adolescents were more likely to remain in treatment longer than European American adolescents.
D)Asian American adolescents remained in treatment for the shortest time.

Question 5

The recognition that psychotherapy is a distinctively _____ approach has led some psychologists to challenge the use of psychotherapy with individuals of _____ backgrounds.

A)Western;non-Western
B)collectivistic;individualistic
C)holistic;symptomatic
D)modern;conservative

Question 6

Sigmund Freud discovered that patients under the influence of _____ would talk more freely and emotionally about their problems,conflicts,and fears.

A)alcohol
B)drugs
C)hypnosis
D)anesthesia

Question 7

In the context of cultural limitations of psychotherapy,a(n)_____ culture considers possession and divination as effective healing systems.

A)cosmocentric
B)sociocentric
C)egocentric
D)ecocentric

Question 8

Cognitive behavioral therapies originated in the treatment of _____,in which individuals presumably maintain negative thoughts and evaluations of themselves,the world,and the future.

A) schizophrenia
B) depression
C) amnesia
D) insomnia

Question 9

Miranda et al.'s (2005)review of empirically rigorous studies with randomized trials found that _____ can be very effective for depression for African American and Latinos with improvement as good as for European Americans.

A)physiotherapy
B)cognitive behavioral therapy
C)tricyclic antidepressants
D)hypnosis

Question 10

In traditional psychotherapy,individuals are discouraged to arrive at insights into their own behavioral and thought patterns underlying the mental illness.

Question 11

One of the goals of psychotherapy is to help people to become more functional within their society,and functionality itself is _____ determined.

A)culturally
B)biologically
C)bureaucratically
D)congenially

Question 12

Which of the following is true of Dwairy's (2009)work with Arab-Muslim clients in the context of cultural variations and their effect on psychotherapy used?

A)She encourages individuals to express verbally their private emotions.
B)She focuses on a person's relation to his or her family.
C)She encourages individuals to engage in self-reflection.
D)She specifically urges clients to be in touch with their inner selves.

Question 13

A more effective mode of treatment for persons from collectivistic cultures may include the family or community to acknowledge that:

A)psychotherapy is inescapably bound to Western cultural framework.
B)the fundamental unit of analysis and intervention is the individual in relation to others.
C)the fundamental unit of analysis and intervention is the society.
D)psychotherapy is independent of any cultural framework.

Question 14

_____ is a Buddhist principle emphasizing close attention to the present moment,being aware of one's senses,breathing,and thoughts without judgment or evaluation.

A)Qigong
B)Pranic healing
C)Mindfulness
D)Reiki

Question 15

Despite critiques of the historically Eurocentric bias in the development of psychotherapy,it continues to be implemented with culturally diverse populations around the world.

Question 16

Which of the following statements supports the argument by Kirmayer (2007)that psychotherapy itself is inescapably bound to a particular cultural framework?

A)Expressions of abnormality and their underlying psychological causes are not bound to culture at all.
B)Cultures invariably focus on the independent sense of self rather than the interdependent sense of self.
C)Psychotherapy requires probing into the self,and cultures differ on notions of the self.
D)The goal of psychotherapy is to help people to become more functional within their society,but functionality is independent of culture.

Question 17

_____ is a comprehensive theory on the structure of personality that contributes to our knowledge about the origins of psychopathology.

A)Psychobiological hypothesis
B)Psychosis theory
C)Psychosocial development
D)Psychoanalytic model

Question 18

In the context of cultural limitations of psychotherapy,an ecocentric culture considers _____ as an effective healing system.

A)shamanism
B)allocentrism
C)collective ritual family therapy
D)client-centered therapy

Question 19

In China,Taoist and Confucian principles are embedded in psychotherapy techniques.One study found that _____ was more effective in the long term in reducing anxiety disorders than treating the patient with medications.

A)Chinese Taoist cognitive psychotherapy
B)Chinese Taoist and Confucian therapy
C)Chinese traditional psychotherapy
D)Confucian cognitive therapy

Question 20

Traditional psychotherapy has its origins in Western Europe and can be traced to _____,the father of psychoanalysis.

A)William James
B)Carl Jung
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Alfred Adler

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of the study conducted by Stanley Sue (1977)of ethnic differences in adults in response to standard mental health services?

A)He found lower rates of utilization of services by Asian Americans and Native Americans than by European Americans and African Americans.
B)He found lower rates of utilization of services by European Americans and African Americans than by Asian Americans and Native Americans.
C)He found that European Americans had the highest dropout rates among all the ethnic groups.
D)He found that European Americans had poorer treatment outcomes relative to African Americans.

Question 22

Studies by Cohen et al.(2004)show that compared with older European Americans,older African Americans:

A)were more likely to perceive need for services.
B)were more reluctant to report psychotic symptoms.
C)were more likely to receive needed services.
D)reported greater psychotic symptoms.

Question 23

The Tuskegee experiment was a study sponsored by the U.S government in the 1930s that involved the recruitment of:

A)Latinos who were infected with chlamydia.
B)Native Americans living in Mississippi who were suffering from schizophrenia.
C)Asian American women suffering from dementia.
D)African American men living in Alabama who were infected with syphilis.

Question 24

Which of the following is the most likely reason for low mental health utilization rates for Asian Americans?

A)Feelings of shame and loss of face
B)Financial costs
C)Mistrust toward formal mental health services
D)Lack of availability of mental health services in the community

Question 25

The reduced utilization of mental health services by Native Americans may be the result of cultural beliefs that:

A)seeking help outside the family for treatment reflects weakness of character and disgrace.
B)sickness comes from disharmony with one's community,nature,and spiritual world.
C)religious and folk healers can cure any disease.
D)mental health professionals are not trustworthy.

Question 26

In the context of treating people from various cultural backgrounds,which of the following is true?

A)Expression of thoughts about illness is the same across cultures as each illness has its specific characteristics and symptoms.
B)The way in which counselors convey respect to their clients is culturally determined.
C)It is important for therapists to treat all the members of a family as equals across cultures.
D)Treatment expectations remain constant across different cultural groups.

Question 27

For Native American clients,more _____ interventions are preferred over client-centered or reflective therapy.

A)non-directive and open-ended
B)directive and strategic
C)therapist-centered
D)non-directive and strategic

Question 28

_____ are an important aspect of psychological and physical healing for some Latino communities,and it may be the case that only when such measures fail to help are mental health professionals acknowledged.

A)Quinceañeras
B)Chiropractic manipulations
C)Prayers
D)Homeopathic cures

Question 29

Although matching may be beneficial in the therapy process,it may not be essential for effective counseling.

Question 30

Sussman,Robins,and Earls (1987)found that _____ were more likely than European Americans to voice mistrust toward formal mental health services,fearing hospitalization and treatment.

A)Latinos
B)Native Americans
C)African Americans
D)Asian Americans

Question 31

According to Leong and Lau (2001),the _____ population tends to be the least likely to seek treatment.

A)African American
B)Latino
C)Native American
D)Asian American

Question 32

Studies show that acculturation status and ethnic identity do not seem to be important determinants of client responses to treatment.

Question 33

A(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy may lead to impatience and premature termination of therapy for Native American clients.

A)formal
B)directive
C)active
D)introspective

Question 34

According to a study of outpatient clients in the Los Angeles County mental health system,ethnically matched therapists tended to judge clients to _____ than did mismatched therapists.

A)be less similar to themselves
B)be more similar to themselves
C)have lower mental functioning
D)have higher mental functioning

Question 35

Research indicates that ethnic similarity between client and therapist may be more important than similarity of worldviews and attitudes to treatment.

Question 36

Which of the following barriers to seeking mental health treatment and services is considered an individual level factor?

A)Language differences
B)Policies on health care that determine insurance and coverage
C)Beliefs regarding health and illness
D)Availability of mental health services

Question 37

According to Sue et al.(2009),which of the following is an important determinant of client responses to treatment?

A)Gender
B)Political views
C)Socioeconomic status
D)Acculturation status

Question 38

When a clinician and patient differ with respect to their cultural backgrounds,it is important for the clinician to:

A)disregard language difficulties and culturally different ways of communicating.
B)assert same treatment across various cultural groups.
C)discount cultural variations in the importance of hierarchy in interpersonal relationships.
D)be sensitive to variations in communication patterns of different ethnic groups.

Question 39

An extensive body of literature by researchers and practitioners has evolved to address the traditional exclusion of cultural and minority groups in the fields of counseling and clinical psychology.

Question 40

A study of adolescents by Bui and Takeuchi (1992)found that:

A)Asian American adolescents remained in treatment for the shortest time.
B)African American adolescents remained in treatment for the shortest time.
C)Asian American adolescents were less likely to remain in treatment longer than European American adolescents.
D)African American and Asian American youth were twice as likely as European American youth to utilize mental health services.

Question 41

Pranic healing is based on the principle that healing is possible by increasing the flow of "universal life energy" on the unhealthy part of the physical body.

Question 42

_____ argued that in order to integrate the two very disparate traditions of healing,in-depth comparisons between indigenous healing practices with regard to psychotherapy must first be documented and explained.

A)James Kelly
B)Eduardo Duran
C)James Gone
D)LaFromboise

Question 43

One of the commonalities shared by indigenous healing is:

A)the incorporation of traditional,spiritual,and religious beliefs as part of the treatment.
B)the heavy reliance on people outside the community as an instrument for treatment.
C)the use of biomedical science in treatment.
D)the use of complementary medicine.

Question 44

In Canada,a clinical training program at McGill University that is well-known for its attention to culture has three main emphases.One of these is that:

A)students learn about the cultures of "others."
B)students learn about cultural or ethnic group stereotypes.
C)students focus on becoming aware of and understanding the culture of their own professional field.
D)students learn how most individuals have a monocultural background.

Question 45

_____ encompasses therapeutic beliefs and practices that are rooted within a given culture.

A)Gender-specific therapy
B)Cultural psychological healing
C)Traditional psychosocial treatment
D)Indigenous healing

Question 46

_____ refers to "flow of air" or "vital energy" and is a Chinese method that emphasizes breathing,movement,and physical postures for maintaining and improving one's health.

A)Prana
B)Pranic
C)Hara
D)Qigong

Question 47

_____ refers to a "universal life energy" and is a Japanese practice used for relaxation,reducing stress,and promoting healing.

A)Reiki
B)Qigong
C)Prana
D)Hara

Question 48

The World Health Organization uses the term traditional medicine to refer to treatments that do not originate within a reference culture.

Question 49

_____ treatments may be especially relevant for helping populations such as immigrants and refugees,who are unfamiliar with the host culture,who tend not to seek out professional help,and who tend to underuse mental health services.

A)Family-based
B)Community-based
C)Culture-based
D)Faith-based

Question 50

According to Sue et al.(2009),which of the following characteristics must be possessed by every counselor?

A)Socioeconomic sensitivity
B)Racial sensitivity
C)Cultural knowledge
D)Sexual awareness and beliefs