Deck 15: Culture and Organizations

Question 1

In the context of individualism-collectivism cultural dimension of Hofstede,_____ within groups,sections,or business units is valued more in collectivistic cultures.

A) individuality
B) disagreement
C) dissonance
D) harmony

Answer 1

harmony

Question 2

Organizations need vertical or hierarchical relationships based on status and power.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In the context of the four major sets of dimensions of cultural variability,which of the following is Inglehart's (1997)dimension of attitudes,values,and beliefs?

A) Traditional vs.secular-rational orientation
B) Egalitarian commitment vs.conservatism
C) Utilitarian involvement vs.loyal involvement
D) Long- vs.short-term orientation

Answer 3

Traditional vs.secular-rational orientation

Question 4

_____ can be defined as a meaning and information system shared within an organization and transmitted across successive generations of members,which allows the organization to survive and potentially thrive.

A) Organizational culture
B) Organizational climate
C) Organizational commitment
D) Organizational behavior

Question 5

According to the research conducted by Latané,Williams,and Harkins (1979)on group productivity in the United States,individual productivity tends to improve in larger groups.

Question 6

_____ refers to the level of personal feelings associated with one's relationship to an organization.

A) Normative commitment
B) Affective commitment
C) Social loafing
D) Social striving

Question 7

_____ refers to the common finding in research on group productivity in the United States that individual productivity tends to decline in larger groups.

A) Teamthink
B) Social striving
C) Social loafing
D) Groupthink

Question 8

According to Hofstede,_____ cultural values foster more compliance with company policies and more conformity in group,section,or unit behavior.

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) long-term oriented
D) short-term oriented

Question 9

The basic hierarchical relationship in an organization is between:

A) a trainer and a trainee.
B) a boss and his or her immediate subordinate.
C) a manager and the board of directors.
D) a manager and a trainer.

Question 10

The term_____ refers to the perceptions of mutual obligations that exist between organizations and their members,which differ across cultures.

A) oligarchy
B) psychological contract
C) anarchy
D) social contract

Question 11

In the context of Hofstede's cultural dimensions,_____ refers to the degree to which different cultures encourage or maintain power and status differences between interactants.

A) power distance
B) power relation
C) individualism
D) collectivism

Question 12

According to Hofstede,cultures with long-term orientations are based on the principle that:

A) unequal status relationships cause imbalance in the society.
B) unequal status relationships lead to a stable society.
C) there should be greater distinction between business and family lives.
D) the focus should be on bottomline profits rather than building relationships.

Question 13

According to Hofstede,cultures low on _____ are less concerned with rules and rituals to deal with the stress and anxiety of unsureness.

A) individualism-collectivism
B) masculinity-femininity
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) performance orientation

Question 14

The _____ dimension,originated from Hofstede's research in Asia,refers to the degree to which cultures encourage delayed gratification of material,social,and emotional needs among its members.

A) individualism-collectivism
B) power distance
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) long- versus short-term orientation

Question 15

According to Hofstede,_____ refers to the degree to which cultures foster or maintain differences between the sexes in work-related values.

A) power distance
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) masculinity-femininity
D) individualism-collectivism

Question 16

In the context of organizational commitment,identify an accurate statement about collectivistic cultures.

A) People make greater distinctions between "work time" and "personal time."
B) The bond between people and the organization is more calculative than emotional.
C) People have an easier time separating themselves from their organizations.
D) The bonds between the people and their colleagues are stronger than those of people in individualistic cultures.

Question 17

In the context of Hofstede's cultural dimensions,organizations and cultures high on _____ develop rules,mechanisms,and rituals that serve to maintain and strengthen the status relationships among their members.

A) power distance
B) individualism
C) masculinity-femininity
D) collectivism

Question 18

_____ refers to a shared perception of organizational policies,practices,and procedures,and how people feel about them.

A) Oligarchy
B) Groupthink
C) Organizational culture
D) Organizational climate

Question 19

In the context of Hofstede's cultural dimensions,conflict in organizations is seen as _____ in low uncertainty avoidance cultures,whereas it is _____ in high uncertainty avoidance cultures.

A) undesirable;natural
B) natural;undesirable
C) acceptable;unacceptable
D) unacceptable;acceptable

Question 20

In the context of the research conducted by Latané,Williams,and Harkins (1979)on group productivity in the United States,which of the following is a factor that contributed to social loafing?

A) An increase in efforts by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves.
B) A reduction in efforts by individuals when they work by themselves as compared to when they work in groups.
C) Reduced efficiency resulting from a lack of coordination among workers' efforts resulting in lack of activity or duplicate activity.
D) Improved coordination among workers' efforts resulting in increased efficiency and productivity.

Question 21

Which of the following statements best describes the term teamthink?

A) It leads to social loafing and general apathy toward work and productivity.
B) It is to a collective pattern of thinking that hinders effective group decisions.
C) It is generally characterized by direct pressure;self-censorship;illusions of invulnerability,unanimity,or morality;mind guarding;collective rationalization;and shared stereotypes.
D) It involves the encouragement of divergent views,open expression of concerns and ideas,awareness of limitations and threats,recognition of members' uniqueness,and discussion of collective doubts.

Question 22

In terms of organizational fairness,_____ refers to whether one's contributions and efforts are considered in making organizational decisions.

A) restorative justice
B) distributive justice
C) equality
D) equity

Question 23

According to Morris and Leung (2000),in _____ cultures,people in legitimate positions of authority can treat subordinates more harshly before this behavior is seen as unfair.

A) collectivistic
B) individualistic
C) horizontal,egalitarian
D) hierarchical,high-power-distance

Question 24

In the study of consumer behavior,the role of emotion in consumer decision making has gained importance in recent years.

Question 25

Equality,with reference to organizational fairness,indicates whether the demographic characteristics of individuals such as age or seniority in the organization are considered primarily in making organizational decisions.

Question 26

It is uncommon for leaders and managers in India and Japan to be concerned with their subordinates' private lives.

Question 27

Bagozzi,Werbeke,and Gavino (2003)showed that while shame produced _____ in Filipino employees,it produced _____ in Dutch employees.

A) discouragement;competitiveness
B) affliction;delight
C) positive effects;negative effects
D) negative effects;positive effects

Question 28

In the context of Hofstede's cultural dimensions,in _____ cultures,autonomy is important to managers.

A) masculine
B) feminine
C) collectivistic
D) individualistic

Question 29

_____ refers to a collective pattern of thinking that hinders effective group decisions.

A) Social striving
B) Teamthink
C) Social loafing
D) Groupthink

Question 30

The term _____ refers to an organizational structure characterized by rule- or decision-making power of a few.

A) ringi
B) oligarchy
C) nemawashi
D) anarchy

Question 31

_____ refers to the finding in many cultures that working in a group enhances individual performance rather than diminishes it.

A) Social striving
B) Social loafing
C) Social networking
D) Social gathering

Question 32

Two characteristics of leaderships that were universally endorsed in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Project were _____.

A) creativity and positive attitude
B) communication and commitment
C) charisma and team orientation
D) task orientation and initiative

Question 33

Fairness associated with the procedures and processes that organizations use to make decisions is known as _____.

A) procedural justice
B) restorative justice
C) interactional justice
D) distributive justice

Question 34

According to Sinha (1979),some of the most effective leaders and managers in organizations in India have been seen as much more _____,taking on a(n)_____ within the company and in relation to their subordinates.

A) nurturing;parental role
B) exacting;supervisory role
C) authoritative;dynamic role
D) autocratic;action-oriented role

Question 35

In the context of organizational fairness,_____ refers to fairness regarding the distribution of resources,such as pay,the corner office,or perks.

A) distributive justice
B) procedural justice
C) restorative justice
D) interactional justice

Question 36

In American culture,leaders are expected to be decision makers-"movers and shakers" of organizations and of people.

Question 37

The term _____ refers to the broad-based consensus-building procedure that occurs within the Japanese system of decision making.

A) kaizen
B) ringi
C) nemawashi
D) otaku

Question 38

In the context of Hofstede's cultural dimensions,which of the following is a difference between leaders in high power distance cultures and low power distance cultures?

A) Leaders in high power distance cultures tend to be autocratic or paternalistic in their decision making and interactional style,while leaders in low power distance cultures tend to be more participative and consensual.
B) Leaders in high power distance cultures do not encourage greater status and power differences between them and their followers,while leaders in low power distance cultures encourage greater status and power differences between them and their followers.
C) Leaders in high power distance cultures encourage conflict and disagreement across hierarchies,while leaders in low power distance do not encourage conflicts and disagreements across hierarchies.
D) Leaders in high power distance cultures tend to be more participative and consensual,while leaders in low power distance cultures tend to be autocratic or paternalistic in their decision-making and interactional style.

Question 39

_____ is the Japanese process of decision making,which involves circulating a proposal among all people who will be affected by it,addressing concerns and negative consequences raised by as many parties as possible,consulting on as broad a basis as possible about the proposal,and achieving consensus before the proposal is formally implemented.

A) Ringi
B) Kaizen
C) Nemawashi
D) Otaku

Question 40

_____ refers to the tendency for owners and potential sellers of goods and products to value those products more than potential buyers do.

A) Egocentrism
B) Allocentrism
C) Affective commitment
D) Endowment effect

Question 41

One of the goals of negotiation is to align the relational self-construal of the negotiators so that they are congruent.

Question 42

_____ refers to unwelcome sexual advances,requests for sexual favors,or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature in which submission to such behavior is a condition to employment and employment decisions affecting the individual,and where the behavior interferes with the individual's work environment or creates an intimidating,offensive,or hostile work environment.

A) Psychological contract
B) Sexual harassment
C) Sexual addiction
D) Culture shock

Question 43

Identify an accurate statement about multinational and international corporations.

A) They deal with work-related issues confined to the United States.
B) They have subsidiaries,satellite offices,and work units in more than one country.
C) They have a less racially,ethnically,and culturally diverse workforce.
D) They conduct business in multiple states and regions of one country.

Question 44

Unlike Americans,negotiators in many cultures:

A) prefer written contracts as oral commitments are considered not binding.
B) are open to different or novel approaches to problem issues.
C) consider other parties as untrustworthy until proven trustworthy.
D) consider other parties as trustworthy until proven untrustworthy.

Question 45

The increase in the number of intercultural contacts in work organizations brought about by the creation of multinational companies and transfer of employees across borders has brought about an increase in the awareness of sexual harassment issues cross-culturally.

Question 46

Reverse culture shock refers to the culture shock that individuals experience upon returning to their home cultures and realizing that things are not the same as when they left.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true of U.S.conception of the negotiation process?

A) Negotiation is based on human relationships.
B) Negotiation is a business,not a social activity.
C) Negotiation should be collegial and collaborative.
D) Negotiation is a long-term relationship with another organization that can be mutually beneficial for a long time.

Question 48

In the context of culture and negotiation,an interesting cultural difference between American approaches to negotiation from those in many other cultures concerns the role of _____.

A) socializing
B) technology
C) institutionalizing
D) ethics

Question 49

Many of the most pressing problems for people on overseas assignments occur not at work but in other aspects of living in a foreign country.

Question 50

_____ refers to the disorientation,anxiety,confusion,doubt,distress,or nervousness that occurs when a person is confronted with and needs to deal with a new and different culture.

A) Enculturation
B) Reverse culture shock
C) Culture shock
D) Assimilation