Deck 17: Conquest and Exploitation: the Development of the Transatlantic Economy

Question 1

According to the four-stage model of European commercial empires,exploration and conquest is followed by trade rivalry,which is followed in turn by

A)Franciscan missionaries who sought to "conquer" souls for God.
B)Dutch mercenaries who took over the Portuguese trading outposts in Asia.
C)Portuguese navigators who discovered the sea-route around Africa.
D)Spanish adventurers who sought to gain wealth and glory for themselves.

Answer 1

Spanish adventurers who sought to gain wealth and glory for themselves.

Question 2

Francisco Pizarro was able to conquer the Incas because

A)closer in the New World than on the Iberian peninsula.
B)more distant in the New World than on the European continent.
C)defined by the pope,who insisted on political control in the New World.
D)not influenced by national economic goals.

Answer 2

closer in the New World than on the Iberian peninsula.

Question 3

The 18th century was a "golden age of smugglers" because

A)Christopher Columbus
B)Francisco Pizarro
C)Hernán Cortés
D)Bartolomé de Las Casas

Answer 3

Hernán Cortés

Question 4

The relationship between political authority and religious proselytizing was

A)Jesuits.
B)Franciscans.
C)Dominicans.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 5

During the 16th to 19th centuries,Europeans

A)economic dominance for the home country.
B)the decimation of Native American civilizations.
C)the influx of large amounts of gold and silver into Europe.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 6

Spanish conquest in the Americas during the 15th to 19th centuries resulted in

A)extensive government planning and regulation of the economy.
B)a conscious policy to establish more port cities.
C)the production and distribution of propaganda.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 7

Why were the Spanish able to conquer the Aztecs?

A)his army outnumbered the Incas,and his army had superior weapons.
B)the Incas thought he was a god.
C)he deceived,captured,and killed the Inca emperor.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 8

Mercantilism involved

A)and its colonies were to trade exclusively with each other.
B)were to forge a trade-tight system of national commerce.
C)imposed navigation laws and tariffs on its colonies.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 9

The "Black Legend"

A)increasing the sources of protein in their diet.
B)introducing animals that could be used for transportation and warfare.
C)introducing crops that could most efficiently be cultivated by slave labor.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 10

In the New World,corregidores were

A)maintain control of the sea lanes.
B)regulate trade with the New World.
C)act as a consultative body for the Viceroy.
D)act as a court of appeals in the New World.

Question 11

The responsibility of the Casa de Contratación was to

A)a mining guild.
B)the salt tax placed on all Native Americans.
C)the Spanish monopoly over silver mining.
D)the fifth of all mining revenue reserved for the Spanish Crown.

Question 12

Besides the introduction of diseases,the Columbian Exchange affected the people of the Americas by

A)consistently protected the interests of Native Americans from exploitation by the Spanish government.
B)sought independence from the domination of the secular government.
C)was arguably the most conservative force in Latin America.
D)was the only effective liberal force in Latin America.

Question 13

According to mercantilist theory,a national economy could only grow if the home country

A)civil war,and finally dictatorship in the colonies.
B)independence for the colonies,which is followed by revolution in the home country.
C)formal empires,and finally independence for the colonies.
D)dictatorship in the home country,which is followed by the creation of formal empires.

Question 14

Who was primarily responsible for the conquest of the Aztecs in the early 16th century?

A)European diseases decimated native American tribes.
B)The Spanish military technology was superior.
C)There were insurrections among Aztec subject peoples.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 15

The conversion of Native Americans by the Roman Catholic church was managed by the

A)Native Americans could not be successfully converted to Christianity.
B)the Black Legend was false.
C)conquest was not necessary for the conversion of Native Americans.
D)religious conversion should not be a priority in the New World.

Question 16

Conquistadores are best described as

A)most colonists in the Americas did not respect European laws.
B)mercantile policies distorted markets and created the potential for great profits.
C)most European ships were too small to carry large amounts of goods.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 17

Bartolomé de Las Casas believed that

A)painted Spanish treatment of Native Americans as unprincipled and inhumane.
B)condemned exploitation of Native Americans by the Roman Catholic church.
C)was completely false with no basis in the actions of the Spanish.
D)was spread primarily by conquistadors who lost their rights of encomienda.

Question 18

By the end of the colonial era,the Roman Catholic Church

A)method of forced labor exacted from the native peoples.
B)a Spanish mining foreman.
C)a unit used to measure silver for transport to Lima.
D)the largest and most unhealthy of Potosi's silver mines.

Question 19

All of the following describe the Atlantic slave system except

A)retreated from political dominance of the world.
B)exerted political dominance over much of the world.
C)were technologically inferior to other civilizations.
D)suffered grievously from diseases imported from other areas of the world.

Question 20

According to an un-named friar,a mita was a

A)foot soldiers.
B)municipal councils.
C)local government officers.
D)judicial councils.

Question 21

The English founded colonies in North America for all of the following reasons except the desire

A)trade.
B)slavery.
C)agriculture.
D)industry.

Question 22

The largest settlement founded by the French in North America was

A)became prominent in sub-Saharan Africa only in the 16th century.
B)was limited to European traders in sub-Saharan Africa.
C)was not practiced by Islamic states in North Africa.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 23

The economic activity that employed the most people throughout the English-speaking colonies was

A)New France.
B)Quebec.
C)New Amsterdam.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 24

Portuguese colonial holdings in Brazil were different from Spanish colonies in the Americas in all of the following ways except there

A)the English colonies in North America.
B)sugar plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean.
C)the farms and mines of Spanish Mexico.
D)Spanish factories in Central America and the Andes.

Question 25

The trading system established by the Casa de Contratación between Spain and its colonies in the New World is best described as one based on

A)land grant given in return for the promise of military service.
B)grant awarding colonists the right to the labor of Native Americans.
C)complicated system of bullion trade.
D)trading contract.

Question 26

Creoles were

A)monopolistic commercial regulations.
B)the principle of free trade and market mechanisms.
C)a mixture of public and private joint-ventures.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 27

Peninsulares were

A)the chief method for bringing slaves to Spanish colonies.
B)an attempt to regulate Spanish trade in the New World.
C)an extremely efficient method of extracting the wealth of the New World.
D)used by Spain to convert Native Americans to Catholicism.

Question 28

The economies of the Spanish colonies in Latin America were dominated by

A)required adult male Indians to devote a particular number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises.
B)were Spanish labor managers who supervised Indian labor.
C)was a formal grant of land by the Spanish Crown to nobles.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 29

All of the following were Spanish viceroyalties in Latin America except

A)disease that decimated native populations.
B)fact that native Americans lacked horses.
C)technological disparity between native Americans and Europeans.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 30

The repartimiento

A)people of mixed racial composition.
B)those born in the New World whose ancestry was European.
C)slaves from Central America who were sold in Caribbean ports.
D)those whose status improved due to reforms by Charles III.

Question 31

Most of the African slaves taken to the New World went to

A)were more suspicious of royal power and enjoyed more self-government.
B)were not cruel or violent when colonizing lands.
C)developed more thorough plantation-style economies.
D)were more dedicated to missionary work among the Native Americans.

Question 32

The single most important element in the success of the European conquest of the Americas was the

A)divided the empires of Spain and Portugal.
B)gave Spain sole claim to all the lands of the Americas.
C)was drafted and enforced by the Holy Roman Emperor.
D)granted the asiento on Spanish slaves to the Dutch.

Question 33

The flota system was

A)New Grenada.
B)La Plata.
C)New Spain.
D)Brazil.

Question 34

English colonies in North America were different from Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America because they

A)commercial colony that would produce tobacco for the English Crown.
B)refuge for English debtors.
C)haven for Protestant religious liberty.
D)haven for the Catholic minority in the colonies.

Question 35

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

A)were fewer pre-existing cities established by the indigenous peoples.
B)were fewer large cities established by colonists.
C)was less reliance on slave labor.
D)was less direct administration from the homeland.

Question 36

James Oglethorpe founded Georgia as a

A)for religious liberty.
B)to gain riches from farming and trade.
C)to provide refuge for debtors.
D)to convert Native Americans.

Question 37

Slavery

A)East Africa.
B)North Africa.
C)West and Central Africa.
D)South Africa.

Question 38

The occidental slave trade of the Europeans particularly disrupted

A)purchasing them from African rulers or middlemen.
B)capturing them using Muslim mercenaries.
C)tricking them into signing contracts to become "temporary" servants in exchange for land in the Americas.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 39

The encomienda was a

A)whites born in America.
B)Spanish overseers of Native American labor on haciendas.
C)whites born in Spain.
D)Spanish adventurers in search of gold.

Question 40

The quinto was

A)handicraft production of luxury goods.
B)mining and ranching.
C)banking and transportation.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 41

In researching the impacts of slavery and the slave trade on African societies,what are the areas in which scholars would like additional data? What are the general conclusions that can be drawn with the information available now?

Question 42

Where were African slaves obtained and how were they treated? How did slavery affect the transatlantic trade economy? How did it affect West African societies?

Question 43

The formal end of African indigenous slavery occurred between

A)the health of his men and his own profits.
B)the profits available to distribute among his men and the health of his crew.
C)the health of the Africans and his risk of catching a dreadful disease.
D)his financial well-being and personal comfort.

Question 44

The greatest concerns of slave trader Thomas Phillips seem to be

A)immediate cessation of the slave trade in Africa.
B)immediate emancipation of all slaves in Africa.
C)increases in exports of slaves from East Africa and increases in indigenous African slavery.
D)increases in exports of slaves from East Africa and decreases in indigenous African slavery.

Question 45

The relationship between slave-trading and the general development of trade within Africa was

Question 46

How did the rise of the Spanish empire in the Americas affect the balance of power in Europe?

Question 47

In general,the chief way that European slave traders obtained slaves was by

A)1800-1825.
B)1860-1874.
C)1874-1928.
D)1830-1860.

Question 48

Discuss mercantilism in theory and practice.What were its main ideas? Did they work? Which European country was most successful in establishing a mercantilist empire? Why? What were the long-term economic consequences of arranging trade based on mercantilist premises?

Question 49

How did the Spanish organize their empire in the Americas? Was it an economically efficient operation? Why or why not?

Question 50

What role did the Catholic Church play in the encounters with Native American civilizations? How did its role compare with that of the Protestant church?

Question 51

Did the Spanish fully live up to their reputation as represented by the Black Legend? What are some examples of Spanish policies or actions that might cast doubt on labeling them as selfish and evil? What do you think was their primary motive or motives in dealing with Native Americans?

Question 52

What was the primary economic activity for British settlers in the Americas? How did that differ from the activities of French and Spanish colonizers? Were those differences significant for later historical developments?

Question 53

How,if at all,did slavery differ from other varieties of forced labor in the Americas?

Question 54

Why did the European nations wish to establish empires in the Americas? How,if at all,did Spain's,France's,and England's motivations for pursuing such an empire differ?

Question 55

What were the main reasons for colonial conflict between Britain,Spain,and France in the Americas?

Question 56

When European and American states outlawed slavery,impacts in Africa included

A)the slave trade inevitably detracted from the development of other forms of trade.
B)unknown to present historians,though the slave trade detracted from economic development overall.
C)the slave trade inevitably stimulated the development of other forms of trade.
D)the population increases that resulted from the slave trade probably stimulated trade.

Question 57

Why were Europeans able to dominate Native American civilizations so completely from the 16th through 18th centuries? Did all Europeans adopt the same approach toward Native Americans during their exploration and colonization of the Americas? If not,how and why did their approaches differ?

Question 58

What was the Columbian Exchange? In what ways did it influence European conquest and colonization of the Americas?

Question 59

Describe the encomienda system.How did it differ from the repartimiento? What role did the hacienda play in rural and agricultural life?