Deck 28: Evolutionary Genetics

Question 1

Horizontal gene transfer is most common among what group of organisms?

A)Humans
B)Bacteria
C)Fungi
D)Plants

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which concept of speciation uses multiple criteria to determine if a population is part of an independent evolutionary lineage, and thus a species, which is distinct from others?

A)Ecological species concept
B)General lineage concept
C)Biological species concept
D)Evolutionary species concept

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Based on rRNA analysis, all life on Earth can be grouped into how many major branches?

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)6

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Molecular clocks are based on _____ mutations.

A)advantageous
B)lethal
C)deleterious
D)neutral

Question 5

In which form of cladogenesis do hybrid zones exist?

A)Parapatric speciation
B)Allopatric speciation
C)Sympatric speciation

Question 6

Differences in sexual attraction between males and females based on behavior, physiology, or morphology is an example of a _____ isolation mechanism.

A)prezygotic
B)postzygotic

Question 7

Proteins that are functionally less important for the survival of an organism generally evolve _____ more important proteins.

A)more slowly than
B)more quickly than
C)at the same rate as

Question 8

The changing composition of a gene pool with regard to a particular allele over a measurable period of time is called _______.

A)microevolution
B)macroevolution
C)molecular evolution
D)None of the answers are correct

Question 9

The production of sterile offspring is an example of a prezygotic isolation mechanism.

Question 10

Regions of a chromosome that contain groups of linked genes in several species are called ____.

A)linkage groups
B)synteny groups
C)regression groups
D)homology groups

Question 11

The biological species concept was introduced by

A)Dobzhansky.
B)Darwin.
C)Mayr.
D)Mendel.
E) Wallace.

Question 12

Researchers who study molecular evolution often analyze DNA sequences using computer programs which identify homologous sequences.

Question 13

What form of cladogenesis occurs due to geographic separation of a population?

A)Parapatric speciation
B)Allopatric speciation
C)Sympatric speciation

Question 14

The formation of polyploids in plants is an example of which model of cladogenesis?

A)Parapatric speciation
B)Allopatric speciation
C)Sympatric speciation

Question 15

What type of cladogenesis occurs when a new species arises in the same habitat as the species from which it was derived?

A)Parapatric speciation
B)Allopatric speciation
C)Sympatric speciation

Question 16

In the construction of a phylogenetic tree, a ______ considers the overall similarities among a group of species without trying to understand their evolutionary history, whereas a ______ considers the possible pathways of evolution to find the best possible tree.

A)cladistic approach; phenetic approach
B)phenetic approach; cladistic approach
C)shared derived character; ancestral character
D)ancestral character; shared derived character

Question 17

Molecular paleontology _____.

A)studies the morphology of extinct species
B)studies the DNA of extinct species
C)cannot use rRNA

Question 18

Homologous genes that are found in different species are called

A)paralogs.
B)orthologs.
C)gene families.
D)clades.

Question 19

What is the most common form of cladogenesis?

A)Parapatric speciation
B)Allopatric speciation
C)Sympatric speciation

Question 20

What type of cladogenesis can occur through the founder effect?

A)Parapatric speciation
B)Allopatric speciation
C)Sympatric speciation

Question 21

A graphic illustration of the relationships between species is called a phylogenetic tree.

Question 22

Homologous genes are derived from the same ancestral gene.

Question 23

Many species of cats (including big cats like lions, tigers, etc.) have tails. For cats, tails are likely to be a ______.

A)synapomorphy
B)shared derived character
C)ancestral character
D)clade

Question 24

It is currently believed that apple maggot flies are undergoing a divergence into two separate species. Two hundred years ago these maggot flies laid their eggs only on the hawthorn fruit, but after apples were introduced in the Americas, some maggot flies started laying their eggs on apples. Today, females generally lay their eggs on the type of fruit they grew up in, and male flies end up mating on the type of fruit they grew up in. Therefore hawthorn flies mate with hawthorn flies and apple flies mate with apple flies. If genetic changes between the hawthorn maggot flies and the apple maggot flies continue until the flies are different species, this would be an example of

A) allopatric speciation.
B) parapatric speciation.
C) sympatric speciation.

Question 25

In the frog genus, when certain species attempts to mate with other species, embryo development is halted at various stages including zygotic segmentation, blastula formation, gastrulation, or in the final phases of embryo development. The stage where the developing frog arrests depends on the species involved in the cross. This is an example of

A) hybrid breakdown.
B) hybrid sterility.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) sexual isolation.

Question 26

In this phylogenetic tree, select the change that is a shared derived character for sequences A, B, and C.

A)A6 $\rarr$ T
B)T5 $\rarr$ G
C)G2 $\rarr$ A
D) A7 $\rarr$ T

Question 27

Microevolution is the term given to evolutionary changes that produce new species and groups of species.

Question 28

One definition of species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Question 29

At the microevolutionary level, natural selection is based on genetic differences that give an individual a selective advantage.

Question 30

One theory of human evolution suggests that Homo erectus evolved directly into Homo sapiens (humans), after which point Homo erectus became extinct. If this is true, humans arose by ______.

A) cladogenesis
B) anagenesis
C) allopatric speciation
D) parapatric speciation

Question 31

You are studying a new strain of bacteria. You discover that its genome contains some genes that are not found in any form in its most recent ancestor. You suspect

A)anagenesis.
B)an extremely high rate of mutation.
C)horizontal gene transfer.
D)cladogenesis.

Question 32

Orthologous genes may form gene families in a species.