Deck 16: Nutritional Aspects of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Question 1

The time to focus on nutrition and pregnancy is ________.

A)during childbearing years
B)immediately after conception
C)during the first trimester
D)during the second trimester

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Excessive calorie intake during pregnancy can result in a fetus that ________.

A)has a high birth weight
B)suffers from cretinism
C)has decreased bone density
D)has thyroid disorders

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Neural tube defects may occur when women consume too little ____ before becoming pregnant.

A)iron
B)calcium
C)folate
D)zinc

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Infants born after 37 weeks' gestation and weighing less than 5½ pounds are labeled ________.

A)usual birth weight
B)premature
C)typical
D)small for gestational age

Question 5

A low birth weight infant weighs ________.

A)less than 7.5 pounds
B)less than 7 pounds
C)less than 6 pounds
D)less than 5.5 pounds

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta?

A)It provides nourishment to the zygote
B)It synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, and glycogen
C)It produces hormones that affect the mother and fetus
D)It grows throughout pregnancy

Question 7

A newborn's chances of survival are most influenced by ________.

A)the mother's prepregnancy weight
B)gestation length
C)the mother's weight gain during pregnancy
D)the infant's length at birth

Question 8

On average, a full-term infant at birth ________.

A)weighs 5 to 6 pounds and is about 18 inches long
B)weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long
C)weighs 8 to 9 pounds and is about 26 inches long
D)weighs 9 to 10 pounds and is about 22 inches long

Question 9

A small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant ________.

A)weighs less than 5.5 pounds
B)is likely to have nutritional complications
C)is likely to have medical complications
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 10

Severe zinc deficiencies during pregnancy can cause ________.

A)premature birth
B)fetal growth retardation
C)birth defects
D)All of these are effects of zinc deficiencies during pregnancy

Question 11

Serious fetal malformations may occur when pregnant women consume very large doses of vitamin ________.

A)K
B)C
C)B-12
D)A

Question 12

After the eighth week of pregnancy, the developing offspring is known as ________.

A)a zygote
B)an embryo
C)a fetus
D)an ovum

Question 13

During the second trimester, a pregnant woman needs an additional _______ kcal per day.

A)100
B)350
C)450
D)500

Question 14

A characteristic of a favorable pregnancy outcome is ________.

A)a gestation period longer than 37 weeks
B)a live, healthy infant
C)an infant who weighs at least 5.5 pounds
D)All of these are characteristics of a successful pregnancy

Question 15

The fetus receives nourishment through ________.

A)the placenta
B)amniotic fluid
C)antibodies
D)meconium

Question 16

The fetus accumulates most of its body fat and mineral stores ________.

A)during the first trimester
B)during the second trimester
C)during the third trimester
D)at any time during development

Question 17

For the pregnant woman, the RDA for protein increases by ___ over prepregnancy needs.

A)10%
B)15%
C)20%
D)50%

Question 18

During the first two weeks after conception, the developing offspring is known as ________.

A)a zygote
B)an embryo
C)a fetus
D)an ovum

Question 19

Maternal nutrient deficiencies or exposure to toxins can cause _____ in the fetus.

A)toxic levels of nutrient stores
B)high birth weight
C)abnormal organ function
D)longer than normal gestation period

Question 20

About 1 in _____ pregnancies results in a spontaneous abortion, often before a woman even realizes she is pregnant.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 21

Women who begin pregnancy at a normal BMI should gain about ____ pounds during pregnancy.

A)15
B)15 to 25
C)25 to 35
D)28 to 40

Question 22

The RDA for iron during pregnancy increases greatly.To reach this level the pregnant woman may ________.

A)need to take a low-dose iron supplement
B)need to double or triple the number of multivitamin-mineral tablets taken every day
C)need to do all her cooking in iron cookware
D)need to increase her intake of iron-rich fruits and vegetables

Question 23

Women who begin pregnancy underweight have an increased risk for ________.

A)low blood pressure
B)gestational diabetes
C)ketosis
D)poor nutrient stores

Question 24

A pregnant woman who is a vegan needs to take ______ nutrient supplements.

A)vitamin E and riboflavin
B)calcium and iron
C)protein and vitamin A
D)thiamin and vitamin C

Question 25

Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women.They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to ________.

A)provide calories needed for the infant to be larger than normal at birth
B)avoid ketosis
C)meet the mother's growth needs
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 26

Which component of weight gain accounts for the greatest amount of increased weight during pregnancy?

A)Infant
B)Placenta
C)Amniotic fluid
D)Breast tissue
E)Maternal blood supply

Question 27

During pregnancy, women should try to ________ each day.

A)drink 3 cups of milk or milk products
B)eat 4 cups of fruits
C)minimize intake of strong tasting vegetables to 1 serving
D)restrict their protein intake

Question 28

An infant's birth weight is closely related to ________.

A)gestation length
B)mother's prepregnancy weight
C)weight the mother gains during pregnancy
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 29

The physiological anemia of pregnancy is a result of ________.

A)an increase in the mother's blood volume
B)a decrease in the mother's iron absorption
C)a decrease in the mother's water consumption
D)a decrease in the mother's red blood cell production

Question 30

Obese pregnant women have an increased risk for ________.

A)low blood pressure
B)gestational diabetes
C)ketosis
D)inadequate placenta development

Question 31

Which condition increases the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome?

A)young maternal age
B)fasting during pregnancy
C)food contaminants
D)eating disorders
E)All of these responses are correct.

Question 32

During pregnancy, women who are ____ should take a multivitamin and mineral supplement.

A)teenagers
B)vegans
C)low-income
D)smokers
E)All of these responses are accurate

Question 33

The practice of eating non-food substances, such as clay or laundry starch, during pregnancy is called ________.

A)hyperemesis
B)pica
C)pregnancy-induced hunger
D)diuresis

Question 34

Physiological anemia that occurs during pregnancy ________.

A)is the same as iron deficiency anemia
B)is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B-12
C)occurs because the plasma expands more than the number of red blood cells
D)signals grave danger for the mother

Question 35

An increased requirement for _________ during pregnancy is partly due to its role in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A)vitamin E
B)vitamin K
C)folate
D)calcium

Question 36

For the best pregnancy outcome, overweight women (BMI > 26 to 29) should ________.

A)not gain any weight during pregnancy
B)gain slightly more weight than women who begin pregnancy at a healthy weight
C)gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy
D)lose at least 4 or 5 pounds during pregnancy

Question 37

Spina bifida and anencephaly are examples of neural tube defects.Women who have had a pregnancy resulting in the birth of an infant with a neural tube defect are being urged to take supplements of ________ before a second conception to decrease the risk of these birth defects.

A)vitamin B-12
B)folic acid
C)iron and zinc
D)extra dietary protein

Question 38

Under what conditions is the use of nutrient supplements advisable?

A)Adolescent pregnancy
B)Multiple fetuses
C)Poverty
D)Inadequate maternal diet
E)All of these choices are accurate

Question 39

Women who begin pregnancy at a low BMI should gain about ___ pounds during pregnancy.

A)15
B)15 to 25
C)25 to 35
D)28 to 40

Question 40

Maternal iron deficiency anemia can cause ________.

A)premature birth
B)infant death
C)labor complications All of these are effects of iron deficiency

Question 41

To minimize nausea during pregnancy, pregnant women should ________.

A)wear strong perfume
B)drink a large glass of cool water before getting out of bed in the morning
C)breathe warm, moist air
D)None of these responses are accurate

Question 42

Participation in WIC is associated with ________.

A)fewer infant deaths
B)lower birth weights
C)higher medical costs after birth
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 43

Decreased learning capacity in childhood has been linked to exposure to ____ during fetal life.

A)excessive calcium
B)alcohol
C)inadequate vitamin C
D)inadequate vitamin D

Question 44

The let-down reflex in breastfeeding is controlled by ________.

A)oxytocin
B)prolactin
C)estrogen
D)progesterone
E)secretin

Question 45

WIC aims to provide ________.

A)nutrition education
B)nutritional care
C)nutritious food
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 46

Heavy caffeine intake during pregnancy may ________.

A)decrease iron absorption
B)increase risk for spontaneous abortion late in the first trimester or during the second trimester
C)increase risk for low birth weight
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 47

Exposure to alcohol during fetal life may cause ________.

A)inadequate prenatal and infant growth
B)physical deformities
C)mental retardation
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 48

A characteristic of preeclampsia is ________.

A)blurred vision
B)low blood pressure
C)headaches
D)strong feelings of thirst blurred vision and headaches

Question 49

Which of these conditions indicates that a woman needs to pay particular attention to the quality of her diet during pregnancy?

A)eating disorders
B)phenylketonuria
C)diabetes
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 50

To keep gestational diabetes under control, recommendations for pregnant women include ________.

A)exercise
B)eating high glycemic load carbohydrates through the day
C)taking chromium supplements
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 51

Which of the following factors may deplete a woman's nutrient stores?

A)numerous previous pregnancies
B)preterm births
C)pregnancies after age 35
D)pregnancies more than 3 years apart

Question 52

WIC serves low-income ________.

A)children up to the age of 5
B)newborns and infants
C)pregnant mothers
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 53

The ability to produce milk is affected by the hormone ________.

A)prolactin
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)insulin
E)thyroxine

Question 54

To avoid constipation, pregnant women should increase intake of ________.

A)milk and dairy products
B)whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits
C)sugars and starches
D)lean meat, poultry, and fish
Learning Outcome: 16.06 Discuss potential nutrition-related problems that occur during pregnancy and suggest techniques for coping with these problems.

Question 55

To reduce heartburn symptoms, pregnant women should ________.

A)exercise right after meals
B)eat larger meals in the morning
C)limit caffeine and chocolate intake
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 56

Edema during late pregnancy is a problem if ________.

A)hypertension is detected
B)excess protein is found in the urine
C)extreme fluid retention occurs
D)All of these choices are correct
E)None of these choices are correct

Question 57

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can be fatal to the developing fetus.What foods are possible sources of this bacterium and should be avoided by pregnant women?

A)Pasteurized milk
B)Yogurt
C)Brie and blue-veined cheeses
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 58

Gestational diabetes ________.

A)is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy
B)occurs because of the increase in maternal body weight that occurs during pregnancy
C)can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia
D)is most common in women with a family history of diabetes
E)All of these choices are correct

Question 59

Pregnancy-induced hypertension ________.

A)is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy
B)occurs because of the increase in maternal plasma that occurs during pregnancy
C)can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia
D)is also called hemodilution
E)None of these choices are correct

Question 60

A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is ________.

A)a low-carbohydrate diet
B)fasting
C)smoking
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 61

Low birth weight infants have a greater risk for chronic disease in adult life.

Question 62

A nursing infant is getting enough milk if the infant ________.

A)has 3 - 4 wet diapers per day
B)shows normal weight gain
C)does not spit up after being fed
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 63

Preterm infants are born before 39 weeks of gestation.

Question 64

Consuming alcohol while breastfeeding ________.

A)is recommended to help mothers relax
B)increases milk output
C)causes babies to have disrupted sleep patterns
D)causes babies to drink more milk

Question 65

A benefit of breastfeeding for mothers is ________.

A)reduced risk for ovarian cancer
B)less postpartum bleeding
C)weight loss
D)All of these responses are correct

Question 66

The let-down reflex is inhibited by ________.

A)feeling confident and relaxed
B)nervous tension
C)a sleepy baby
D)All of these responses are correct

Question 67

Low maternal calorie intakes are linked with low birth weights.

Question 68

The placenta's size and ability to support fetal growth depend on the mother's nutritional status.

Question 69

A developing offspring's cells have separated into a stack of 3 layers (mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm) when the zygote stage ends.

Question 70

Poor maternal nutrient intakes are linked with low birth weights.

Question 71

A factor in human milk that helps prevent the growth of some harmful bacteria in an infant's intestinal tract is ________.

A)lactase
B)albumin
C)let-down reflex
D)Lactobacillus bifidus factor

Question 72

Women are more likely to choose to breastfeed their infants if they ________.

A)know the advantages of breastfeeding
B)have a supportive partner
C)deliver babies in a hospital that supports breastfeeding
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 73

Most critical periods occur during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Question 74

Breastfeeding is NOT recommended when mothers ________.

A)have colds
B)are undergoing chemotherapy for treatment of cancer
C)have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
D)are undergoing chemotherapy or have HIV infection

Question 75

To produce human milk, a lactating woman needs ________.

A)100 - 200 extra kcal per day above prepregnancy needs
B)twice as much dietary protein as needed during pregnancy
C)an extra 32 ounces of fluid daily
D)twice as much dietary iron as needed during pregnancy
E)All of these choices are accurate

Question 76

Proportionally, a pregnant woman's calorie needs increase much more than her nutrient needs.

Question 77

Additional energy requirements for lactation are approximately _______ kcal per day.

A)100 - 200
B)250 - 350
C)400 - 500
D)550 - 650

Question 78

Compared to pregnancy, the RDA for nutrients changes during lactation ________.

A)only for energy
B)only for protein and energy
C)for many nutrients, but not proportionately
D)None of these responses are correct; nutrient needs during lactation are the same as during pregnancy

Question 79

Insufficient intake of protein during pregnancy is very common in the U.S.

Question 80

The first fluid secreted by the mother's breast after giving birth is called ________.

A)colostrum
B)prolactin
C)lactalbumin
D)mature milk