Deck 15: Bone Health and Body Defense Systems

Question 1

Measuring blood calcium levels is not an accurate indicator of total body calcium because ________.

A)calcium in the blood reflects only the most recent dietary intake of calcium
B)there are no reliable tests for measuring blood calcium
C)blood calcium levels vary according to the intake of other positive ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, and magnesium)
D)blood calcium levels are strictly controlled by hormones and do not reflect total body stores

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The bones most likely to be affected by the disease osteoporosis include the ________.

A)ankle, shoulder, and neck
B)hip, thigh, and ankle
C)hip, wrist, and vertebrae in the spine
D)wrist, forearm, and neck
E)All of these are correct as all bones are affected equally by osteoporosis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The two life stage groups with the highest RDAs for calcium are _________ and _________.

A)children; adolescents
B)infants; children
C)adolescents; adults over age 50
D)infants; adolescents

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following population groups has the highest rate of calcium absorption?

A)Postmenopausal women
B)Pregnant women
C)Premenopausal women (not pregnant or lactating)
D)Athletes in training

Question 5

Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of calcium per serving?

A)1 cup of yogurt
B)2 oz.cheddar cheese
C)3 oz.canned salmon with bones
D)1 cup cooked spinach

Question 6

The richest dietary sources of magnesium are ________.

A)animal products, e.g., beef and milk
B)plant products, e.g., green vegetables, beans, whole grains
C)fats and oils
D)bottled waters

Question 7

________ replacement after menopause greatly reduces bone loss in women.

A)Calcium
B)Calcitriol
C)Estrogen
D)Calcitonin

Question 8

Which factor(s) limits absorption of dietary calcium?

A)Phytic acid
B)Chronic diarrhea
C)Tannins in tea
D)Vitamin D deficiency
E)All of these choices are accurate

Question 9

The RDA for adults for phosphorus is ________.

A)the same as calcium
B)twice the amount of calcium
C)700 mg/d
D)200 mg/d

Question 10

Absorption of dietary calcium in the duodenum is aided by ________.

A)consumption of lactose
B)acidic environment
C)1, 25 (OH)₂ vitamin D
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 11

Parathyroid hormone elevates blood calcium levels by ________.

A) increasing the synthesis of 1, 25 (OH)₂ vitamin D
B)reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys
C)increasing bone resorption by osteoclast activity
D)All of the choices are accurate

Question 12

Good food sources of phosphorus include ________.

A)fruits and vegetables
B)nuts and oils
C)dairy products, meats, and cereals
D)dairy products and leafy green vegetables

Question 13

At the end of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae, and inside the flat bones of the pelvis, is a spongy type of bone known as ________.

A)osteoclastic bone
B)osteoblastic bone
C)trabecular bone
D)compact bone

Question 14

Phosphorus absorption is promoted by the hormone ________.

A)calcitonin
B)1, 25 (OH)₂ vitamin D
C)cholecalciferol
D)aldosterone

Question 15

In addition to its role in bone development and maintenance, calcium is also required for ________.

A)blood clotting, transmitting nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
B)regulating potassium excretion, normal kidney function, and regulating intracellular water content
C)phospholipid synthesis, muscle contraction, and formation of DNA and RNA
D)blood clotting, magnesium absorption, and insulin release from the pancreas

Question 16

The very dense outer surface of bone is called ________.

A)osteoclastic bone
B)osteoblastic bone
C)trabecular bone
D)cortical bone

Question 17

The 250 mg of calcium found in a cup of spinach ________.

A)is the only source of calcium for a vegan
B)has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to oxalic acid
C)is poorly absorbed unless the spinach is cooked
D)has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to phytic acid

Question 18

Individuals advised to consume calcium supplements should consume ________.

A)about 2,000 mg in a single dose each day
B)only calcium citrate as other calcium salts are poorly absorbed
C)an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal
D)the calcium supplement at the same time as other mineral supplements

Question 19

Risk factors for osteoporosis include ________.

A)overweight and obesity
B)amenorrhea
C)African-American race
D)high levels of physical activity

Question 20

Assuming that milk is the only source of dietary calcium, how much milk must an adolescent drink every day to meet the RDA for calcium?

A)2 cups
B)3 cups
C)4 cups
D)5 cups

Question 21

Of the following, the best source of provitamin A is ________.

A)fried liver
B)baked sweet potato
C)fresh bananas
D)soybeans

Question 22

The maintenance of mucus-forming cells depends on adequate amounts of ________.

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin A
D)vitamin K

Question 23

In the intestinal cells, ________.

A)vitamin A, as retinal, is converted to beta-carotene
B)carotenes are split by an intestinal enzyme to form vitamin A
C)excess vitamin A is carried to the kidney for excretion
D)All of these choices are correct

Question 24

Over half of the body's magnesium is found in the ________.

A)heart
B)liver
C)bones
D)brain

Question 25

Magnesium deficiency is most often caused by ________.

A)excessive intakes of sodium and potassium
B)low dietary intake of magnesium
C)GI disorders that cause prolonged diarrhea or vomiting
D)osteopenia or osteoporosis

Question 26

Some scientists believe that vitamin D recommendation should be much higher than currently set.

A)True
B)False

Question 27

High amounts of _____, especially from supplements, can cause diarrhea.

A)magnesium
B)sodium
C)calcium
D)potassium

Question 28

Rhodopsin, the visual pigment in the retina of the eye, is regenerated when opsin combines with ________.

A)retinoic acid
B)11-cis retinal
C)13-cis-retinol
D)beta-carotene

Question 29

Beta-carotene is also called ________.

A)provitamin A
B)retinal or retinol
C)calcitriol
D)rhodopsin

Question 30

When viewing items at night or in very dim light, light strikes the retina of the eyes ________.

A)and causes the retinal to change from its cis form to its trans form
B)and splits the rhodopsin into opsin and all-trans-retinal
C)to trigger an electrical signal along the optic nerve
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 31

Which statement correctly describes vitamin A?

A)Vitamin A is carried from the liver by retinol-binding protein and transthyretin in the blood.
B)Nearly all cells have vitamin-A binding retinoid receptors.
C)Within a cell, vitamin A is involved in gene expression and cell differentiation.
D)All of these statements are correct.

Question 32

The biochemical functions of vitamin A include all of the following except: ________.

A)controlling vision in dim and bright light
B)development and maintenance of mucus-forming cells
C)cell differentiation
D)coenzyme synthesis

Question 33

Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid are all forms of ________.

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin K
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E

Question 34

Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by the ________.

A)inability to produce insulin
B)failure to form blood clots
C)inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity
D)production of excessive amounts of collagen

Question 35

The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment ________.

A)lycopene
B)chlorophyll
C)beta-carotene
D)alpha-carotene

Question 36

Of the following, the best source of preformed vitamin A is ________.

A)fried liver
B)sautéed spinach
C)fresh mango
D)cheddar cheese

Question 37

Mucus-forming cells in the body deteriorate and can no longer produce mucus when there is a deficiency of ________.

A)vitamin D
B)beta-carotene
C)vitamin K
D)vitamin A

Question 38

Vitamin A supplements are not necessary for most adult Americans as they have significant reserves in ________.

A)the eye
B)the skin
C)the kidney
D)the liver

Question 39

The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in ________.

A)Beta Carotene International Units (BCIU)
B)Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)
C)Alpha-Tocopherol Equivalents (ATE)
D)None of these answers are correct

Question 40

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to development of a condition called ________.

A)xerophthalmia
B)osteomalacia
C)jaundice
D)scurvy

Question 41

Children eating large amounts of carrots can develop ________.

A)hyperactivity
B)hypercarotenemia
C)hyperglycemia
D)vitamin A toxicity

Question 42

Vitamin A toxicity is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)birth defects
B)permanent damage to the liver
C)kidney disease
D)death

Question 43

Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of ________.

A)cholesterol
B)calcium
C)prothrombin
D)potassium

Question 44

The main active form of vitamin D in the body is ________.

A)calcitriol
B)retinal
C)cholecalciferol
D)calcitonin

Question 45

A derivative of vitamin A, 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane), is used to ________.

A)prevent xerophthalmia
B)treat serious cases of acne
C)treat hypercarotenemia
D)prevent skin cancer

Question 46

Calcitriol is the ________.

A)precursor to vitamin D that is activated by sunlight
B)plant source of vitamin D
C)animal food source of vitamin D
D)biologically active form of vitamin D

Question 47

What vitamin would most likely lead to death in both deficient and toxic levels?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin B-12

Question 48

The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is vitamin ________.

A)E
B)K
C)D
D)A

Question 49

A potential danger of using oral Accutane for acne is that it ________.

A)can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects
B)can cause blindness if used for over a year
C)may lead to atherosclerosis
D)can lead to osteomalacia

Question 50

As calcium levels in the blood drop below normal, ____________ is released to increase the synthesis of calcitriol.

A)calcitonin
B)thyroid hormone
C)parathyroid hormone
D)secretin

Question 51

Functions of vitamin D include ________.

A)prevention of scurvy
B)antioxidant activity
C)glucose regulation
D)absorption of calcium

Question 52

Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because ________.

A)it is available in fresh orange juice
B)exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D
C)it can be destroyed by exposure to sunlight
D)it is the yellow-orange color of the sun

Question 53

The most likely cause of a vitamin A toxicity would be ________.

A)consuming large amounts of dark green and yellow vegetables
B)eating sautéed liver and onions twice a week
C)consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements
D)drinking carrot juice twice a day

Question 54

Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone.The resulting disease is called ________.

A)osteoporosis
B)osteomalacia
C)osteoarthritis
D)osteopenia

Question 55

In North America, population groups at increased risk of vitamin A deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)college-aged diabetics
B)alcoholics with liver disease
C)those with GI diseases that prevent fat absorption
D)low birth weight, premature infants

Question 56

Healthy, light-skinned individuals can make sufficient vitamin D to meet the body's needs with about ________ of sun exposure on their face, arms, and hands 2 or 3 times per week.

A)15 minutes
B)60 minutes
C)90 minutes
D)120 minutes

Question 57

A reliable food source of vitamin D is ________.

A)yellow-orange colored fruits
B)dark green leafy vegetables
C)whole grain breads
D)fortified milk

Question 58

As calcitriol, vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by ________.

A)reducing calcium excretion by the kidney
B)regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall
C)regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 59

In children, bowed legs, an enlarged head, rib cage, and knee joints, and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of ________.

A)rickets
B)xerophthalmia
C)osteopenia
D)None of these are correct

Question 60

Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called ________.

A)osteoporosis
B)osteomalacia
C)rickets
D)hypocalcemia

Question 61

The amount of selenium in foods ________.

A)is consistently high in plant-based foods
B)will depend on the total amount of other minerals in the food
C)depends on the type of water used to irrigate crops
D)depends on the amount of selenium in the soil where crops are grown

Question 62

The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are ________.

A)refined grains and cereal products
B)orange-colored fruits
C)vegetable oils
D)animal fats

Question 63

Fluoride is typically provided by sources such as ________.

A)toothpaste
B)fluoride treatments by the dentist
C)drinking water
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 64

Excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development can cause ________.

A)glucose intolerance
B)mottling of the teeth
C)dermatitis
D)bleeding of the gums

Question 65

The role of hydroxyfluorapatite is to ________.

A)enhance insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes
B)prevent dental caries
C)improve the rate of growth in children
D)prevent the development of anemia

Question 66

The mineral that partly "spares" the antioxidant vitamin E is ________.

A)copper
B)selenium
C)chromium
D)iodide

Question 67

A primary function of vitamin E is to serve as ________.

A)a coenzyme
B)an antioxidant
C)a hormone
D)a peroxide

Question 68

Fluoridated water typically contains about ________.

A)1.0 mg/8 ounces
B)0.2 mg/8 ounces
C)20 mg/8 ounces
D)0.5 mg/8 ounces

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT involved in antioxidant defense?

A)glutathione peroxidase
B)superoxide dismutase
C)catalase
D)hydrogen peroxide

Question 70

Individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)elderly adults living in nursing homes
B)dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity
C)young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils
D)individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin D?

A)Maintaining phosphorus homeostasis
B)Regulating cell cycle activity
C)Promoting antioxidant activity
D)Increasing immunity against infections

Question 72

A high intake of vitamin E can ________.

A)interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity
B)result in lead poisoning
C)inhibit copper absorption
D)cause atherosclerosis

Question 73

Excess intake of vitamin D ________.

A)is readily excreted
B)can cause hypercalcemia
C)can cause rickets
D)can cause osteomalacia

Question 74

Vitamin E functions to ________.

A)protect cell membranes from destruction by various reducing agents
B)protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals
C)accept electrons, thus neutralizing the action of free radicals
D)All of these choices are accurate

Question 75

The fluoridation of public drinking water is ________.

A)responsible for a 40% to 60% reduction in dental caries in children
B)an effective means of providing dietary selenium
C)not as effective as fluoridated toothpaste
D)mandatory in all states in the U.S.

Question 76

Of the following population groups, those at lowest risk for vitamin E deficiency are ________.

A)premature infants
B)the elderly
C)athletes
D)smokers

Question 77

Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin K

Question 78

Vitamin E is carried to the liver and other tissues by ________.

A)albumin
B)hemoglobin
C)lipoproteins
D)retinol-binding proteins

Question 79

Vitamin E is a family of compounds comprised of the ________.

A)4 tocopherols
B)4 tocotrienols
C)4 triglycerides
D)4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols

Question 80

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)use of sunscreen
B)skin color
C)geographic location
D)All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis