Deck 12: Production With Multiple Inputs

Question 1

Production technologies A and B can have the same-shaped isoquant map, with technology A having decreasing returns to scale and technology B having increasing returns to scale.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In 2-input production models, constant returns to scale implies horizontal marginal cost curves.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

All economically efficient production plans are technologically efficient.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Just as indifference maps represent consumer tastes, so isoquant maps represent a producer tastes.

Question 5

If a production technology has diminishing marginal product of all inputs throughout, then the producer choice set is convex.

Question 6

Increasing returns to scale production technologies cannot give rise to convex producer choice sets.

Question 7

Assuming an interior solution, a production plan is profit maximizing if and only if all marginal revenue products are equal to input prices.

Question 8

Decreasing returns to scale production functions must be concave.

Question 9

Profit is constant along an isoquant.

Question 10

Changing the labels on isoquants without changing the shapes of the isoquants implies no change in the underlying technology so long as the ordering of isoquants is preserved.

Question 11

Quasiconcave production functions give rise to convex producer choice sets.

Question 12

Output prices are irrelevant for a firm as it is calculating its cost curves.

Question 13

If production technologies are homothetic, all cost-minimizing production plans lie on the same ray from the origin for a given set of input prices.

Question 14

Assuming convex producer choice sets, the (marginal) technical rate of substitution is equal (in absolute value) to the ratio of input prices at any profit maximizing production plan.

Question 15

An increasing returns to scale production function could be quasiconcave.

Question 16

If a production technology has increasing returns to scale throughout, then the marginal cost curve lies below the average cost curve throughout.

Question 17

It is not sufficient for profit maximization that a production plan has all marginal revenue products equal to input prices -- because it must also be the case that the (marginal) technical rate of substitution is equal to the ratio of input prices (in absolute value).

Question 18

Technologically efficient production plans are also economically efficient.

Question 19

If producer choice sets are convex and a production plan satisfies the condition that the (marginal) technical rate of substitution is equal (in absolute value) to the ratio of input prices, then the production plan is profit maximizing.

Question 20

In one-input models, all technologically efficient production plans are economically efficient and vice versa.

Question 21

Which of the following is possible in a 2-input production technology.

A)The technology has increasing returns to scale but diminishing marginal product of all inputs.
B)The technology has increasing returns to scale but diminishing marginal product of all but one input.
C)The technology has decreasing returns to scale but increasing marginal product of one input.
D)(a) and (b)
E)(a) and C
F)(b) and (c)
G)None of the above
H)All of the above

Question 22

We have worked a lot with homothetic production technologies.Suppose instead that a production process that uses capital and labor is quasilinear in capital and that capital is fixed in the short run.Then, assuming the firm currently profit maximizes at a given wage and rental rate, the short and long run slices of the production frontier are identical.

Question 23

Suppose there are different ways of producing computer chips.If you hire one worker (for the day) for each machine that you rent (for the day), you can produce 10 chips per day with each worker/machine pair for the first 60 machine/worker pairs.For the next 60 worker/machine pairs (assuming still that you hire them as pairs for the day), you are able to produce 20 chips per day with each of the additional pairs.Once you have 120 worker/machine pairs, you can only get 5 additional chips per day for each additional pair.But hiring 1 worker for each machine is not the only way to produce computer chips.Suppose you are starting from a production plan where you are using exactly as many workers as machines to produce a given level of chips.The technology is such that, starting at the production plan where you are using the same number of workers as machines, you can replace 1 or more workers with two machines (for each worker) and get just as many chips produced.Alternatively (and again starting at the production plan where you use exactly as many workers as machines), you can replace 1 or more machines with 2 workers (for each machine) and get just as many chips produced.
a.On the template below, illustrate all the different ways that 600 chips can be produced per day.(Hint: The isoquant you should draw is composed of two line segments.)
b.On the same graph, illustrate the different ways of producing 400 chips and the different ways of producing 1,800 chips.(Label each isoquant with the relevant output quantity).
c.Is this production technology homothetic?
d.If machines cost $100 per day, for what range of daily wages will you decide to use exactly as many workers as machines?
e.Suppose both machines and workers cost $100 per day.Illustrate the long run cost curve for this firm.f.Illustrate the long-run marginal and average cost curves.

Question 24

Cobb-Douglas production function have decreasing returns to scale.

Question 25

Conditional input demands are homogeneous of degree zero in input prices.

Question 26

Suppose that you are given a cost function c(w,r,x)=2w^1/2r^1/2x^3/2 where w is the wage rate for labor, r is the rental rate of capital and x is the output level.
a.Does the production process that gives rise to this cost function have increasing, decreasing or constant returns to scale?
b.Derive the marginal cost function.
c.Calculate the supply function for the firm - i.e.the function that tells us for every combination of input and output prices, how much the firm will optimally produce.How does output by the firm change as input and output prices change?
d.If the cost function had been c(w,r,x)=2w^1/2r^1/2x^1/2 instead, how would your answer to (c) change? How can that make any sense?

Question 27

Suppose capital and labor are perfect complements in production.For output levels between 0 and 100, 2 units of labor together with 1 unit of capital produce 1 unit of output; for output levels between 100 and 200, 1 unit of labor together with 1 unit of capital produces 1 unit of output; and for output levels above 200, 1 unit of labor together with two units of capital produces one additional output.In each graph below, carefully label as much of each graph as you can.
a.On a graph with labor on the horizontal axis and capital on the vertical, illustrate isoquants for 100, 200 and 300 units of output.
b.Is this production technology homothetic?
c.Suppose the wage and rental rates are 10.On a graph with output on the horizontal axis and dollars on the vertical, plot the total (long run) cost of producing 100, 200 and 300 units of output and illustrate the total cost curve.
d.On a separate graph with output on the horizontal and dollars on the vertical axis, illustrate the (long run) marginal cost curve and the approximate shape of the long run average cost curve.

Question 28

Profit functions are homogeneous of degree zero.

Question 29

A price taking firm employs each of its inputs into production until its marginal product is equal to 1.

Question 30

Consider a firm that uses labor and capital to produce output x using a homothetic production technology that has increasing returns to scale when output lies between 0 and x_A, constant returns to scale when output lies between x_A, and x_B, and decreasing returns to scale when output exceeds x_B (where 0AB).Although the different parts of the question repeatedly refer to the isoquant graph you first draw in (a), you should probably re-draw the graph several times - each time only with the portions you need for the question -- to indicate the different items that are asked for in the remaining parts of the question (rather than indicating all your answers on literally the same graph).
a.On a graph with labor on the horizontal and capital on the vertical axis, draw isoquants for x_A and x_B.For a given set of input prices w and r, indicate the least cost input bundle A=(l^A, k^A) for producing x_A using an isocost line.Label the slope of the isocost line and then label the slope of the isoquant in terms of the marginal product of labor and capital.
b.Indicate where the least cost input bundle B for producing x_B must lie (in light of the homotheticity property of the production technology.) What does the vertical slice along which all cost-minimizing input bundles lie look like (on a graph with "inputs" on the horizontal and x on the vertical)?
c.Indicate all input bundles in your isoquant graph that could be part of a profit maximizing production plan for some output price p>0.
d.Suppose the actual profit maximizing production plan is (l*,k*,x*).What two conditions involving the marginal products of the inputs hold at this - and only this - production plan?
e.Now suppose that a change in tax policy results in an increase of the rental price of capital r.Indicate all possible input bundles in an isoquant graph that might be long-run profit maximizing assuming no change in p or w.(Include the isoquant corresponding the initial profit maximizing output level x* as well as the isoquant that contains B (from (b)) in your graph.) Explain your reasoning.

Question 31

Cost functions must be homogeneous of degree 1 in (input and output) prices.

Question 32

In considering "returns to scale" we assume that production processes are homothetic.

Question 33

There are two economically meaningful ways of slicing two-input production frontiers.

Question 34

Suppose that, at a given production plan, the marginal product of labor is 6 and the marginal product of capital is 3.In a graph with labor on the horizontal and capital on the vertical axis, this implies that the technical rate of substitution at that production plan is

A)-1/2
B)-2
C)-18
D)None of the above