Deck 6: Stems

Question 1

As woody stems age, lenticels develop directly beneath

A) outer xylem.
B) stomata.
C) axillary buds.
D) terminal buds.
E) outer phloem.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A twig's age can be determined by

A) counting the number of leaves or leaf scars on it.
B) counting the number of groups of bud scale scars on it.
C) measuring the distances between nodes.
D) counting nodes.
E) examining its pith.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Most leaves are attached to the stem by the __________.

A) adventitious buds
B) internodes
C) petiole
D) petiolule
E) bud scales

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Axillary buds are found in

A) angles between the petioles and the stem.
B) along internodes.
C) at tips of stems.
D) on terminal buds.
E) on roots.

Question 5

In a mature, woody dicot stem, the tissue between the xylem and the phloem is the __________.

A) vascular cambium
B) cortex
C) apical meristem
D) cork cambium
E) pith

Question 6

Which of the following gives rise to primary tissues?

A) procambium
B) phelloderm
C) cork cambium
D) vascular cambium
E) phloem rays

Question 7

Stems and roots exhibit indeterminate growth which means:

A) they have a growth pattern similar to animals.
B) they grow only during the first season regardless of how long the plant lives.
C) they grow throughout the lifetime of the plant.
D) they exhibit only secondary growth.
E) they exhibit only primary growth.

Question 8

Paired appendages associated with leaf petioles are ___________________.

A) bundle scars
B) primordia
C) stipules
D) cuticles
E) leaf scars

Question 9

Leaves and buds are attached to the stem at the

A) internodes.
B) axils.
C) apex.
D) nodes.
E) sides.

Question 10

This tissue is responsible for the production of cork cells.

A) procambium
B) phellem
C) phylogene
D) phellogen
E) phelloderm

Question 11

Primary meristems are produced by cell division in the _____________.

A) shoot apical meristem
B) leaf primordia
C) vascular cambium
D) cork cambium
E) ray initials

Question 12

The procambium produces

A) secondary xylem and phloem.
B) cortex.
C) pith.
D) epidermis.
E) primary xylem and phloem.

Question 13

Cells produced by the vascular cambium do NOT include

A) tracheids.
B) vessel elements.
C) phelloderm.
D) sieve-tube elements.
E) companion cells.

Question 14

An annual ring

A) consists primarily of cells produced by an apical meristem.
B) consists of one year's growth of xylem and phloem.
C) consists of one year's growth of xylem.
D) includes cortex and pith tissue.
E) conducts food.

Question 15

Increase in girth of a tree is due to the activity of

A) procambium.
B) ground meristem.
C) protoderm.
D) vascular cambium.
E) periderm.

Question 16

Which of the following describe leaf gaps and bud gaps?

A) Gaps in the cylinders of xylem and phloem where traces branch off from them.
B) Air spaces in leaves.
C) Spaces on internodes between leaves.
D) Spaces between bud scales.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 17

The _______________ is a primary meristem that produces parenchyma cells of the cortex.

A) procambium
B) ground meristem
C) protoderm
D) phelloderm
E) pericycle

Question 18

When three or more leaves occur at a node, the leaf arrangement is said to be

A) opposite.
B) triplicate.
C) alternate.
D) whorled.
E) crowded.

Question 19

An increment borer is

A) a beetle that consumes wood in several small stages.
B) an instrument used for determining the age of a tree.
C) a device for calculating the number of leaves on a tree.
D) a small wood drill.
E) an electronic instrument used for determining if the wood of a tree is healthy.

Question 20

The leaf arrangement of a stem with one leaf at each node is called ____________.

A) whorled
B) decussate
C) opposite
D) scattered
E) alternate

Question 21

Discrete patches of xylem and phloem found in herbaceous dicot stems are called

A) lenticels.
B) steles.
C) vascular bundles.
D) annual rings.
E) tyloses.

Question 22

Which of the following have no nodes or internodes?

A) stolons
B) rhizomes
C) cladophylls
D) tubers
E) none of these answers are correct.

Question 23

Which of the following specialized stems have relatively long internodes?

A) rhizomes
B) stolons
C) tubers
D) corms
E) bulbs

Question 24

Older, nonfunctioning xylem is called

A) sapwood.
B) summer wood.
C) springwood.
D) winter wood.
E) heartwood.

Question 25

Which of the following would NOT be part of a stele?

A) cortex
B) primary xylem
C) primary phloem
D) pith
E) all of these answers are correct

Question 26

Cone-shaped stems surrounded by many scalelike leaves that are modified for food storage are

A) bulbs.
B) corms.
C) tubers.
D) rhizomes.
E) stolons.

Question 27

The "eyes" of the Irish potato are actually

A) axillary buds.
B) fibrous roots.
C) internodes.
D) adventitious roots.
E) flower buds.

Question 28

Which function does the stem have in common with the root?

A) synthesis of starch
B) photosynthesis
C) conduction
D) absorption
E) both [photosynthesis and conduction] are correct

Question 29

In woody dicots, which of the following may eventually be crushed as secondary growth occurs?

A) secondary xylem
B) cork
C) cork cambium
D) cortex
E) vascular cambium

Question 30

Which is a product of a woody stem?

A) lumber
B) turpentine
C) bottle corks
D) paper pulp
E) All of these answers are correct

Question 31

In a youngest portion of a woody stem, the epidermis is produced by the ____________________; in the older woody portion of the stem, the epidermis is replaced by cork produced by the __________________.

A) protoderm; cork cambium
B) ground meristem; apical meristem
C) protoderm; vascular cambium
D) procambium; vascular cambium
E) cork cambium; protoderm

Question 32

Siphonosteles occur in most

A) club mosses.
B) coniferous plants.
C) monocots.
D) ferns.
E) dicots.

Question 33

Which of the following function primarily in the lateral conduction of food in a stem?

A) resin canals
B) laticifers
C) tyloses
D) lenticels
E) rays

Question 34

Horizontal stems that produce roots and shoots are

A) cladophylls.
B) stolons.
C) tubers.
D) bulbs.
E) corms.

Question 35

You can determine whether an unknown plant structure that you dig up is a stem or root by ______________.

A) determining whether it is divided into nodes and internodes
B) checking for the presence of a root cap
C) checking for the presence of woody tissue and bark
D) determining if the structure has protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
E) checking to see if it produces lateral roots with root hairs

Question 36

Which of the following statements pertaining to monocots is true?

A) They have no vascular cambium.
B) Their vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
C) Most of them are woody.
D) They have a definite cortex and pith.
E) Their stems generally have conspicuous cork.

Question 37

Retardation of water loss by cork cells is provided by

A) suberin and waxes.
B) lignin.
C) compressed tissue layers.
D) stomates.
E) both [compressed tissue layers and stomates] are correct

Question 38

The stems of all flowering plants and conifers have _________________.

A) protosteles
B) siphonosteles
C) woody stems
D) eusteles
E) stems with pith

Question 39

Monocot stems have discrete regions of xylem and phloem arranged ___________________; herbaceous dicot stems have discrete regions of xylem and phloem arranged ______________.

A) in a ring; randomly
B) in the stem center only; in a ring directly beneath the epidermis
C) directly beneath the epidermis; in the stem center only
D) randomly; in a ring
E) in a ring; in a ring

Question 40

The tyloses that prevent conduction of any kind in wood are most frequently found in

A) laticifers.
B) sieve-tube elements.
C) resin canals.
D) cork cells.
E) xylem cells.

Question 41

Quartersawed boards are those that have been cut along rays, or parallel to the rays.

Question 42

A wood's capacity to withstand decay organisms is referred to as its

A) density.
B) specific gravity.
C) durability.
D) seasoning capacity.
E) charcoal capacity.

Question 43

The difference between the inner bark and the outer bark is that the outer bark is aged inner bark tissue.

Question 44

A very thin sheet of desirable wood that is carefully cut so as to produce the best possible view of the grain and then glued to cheaper lumber is called

A) excelsior.
B) cooperage.
C) quartersawed wood.
D) veneer.
E) piling wood.

Question 45

Corms and bulbs differ in that corms have fleshy leaves whereas bulbs do not.

Question 46

Rays consist primarily of

A) dead cells.
B) long-lived parenchyma.
C) tracheids.
D) vessel elements.
E) sieve tubes.

Question 47

Lignin, which is found in the walls of xylem cells, makes the cells tough and hard.

Question 48

Phloem rays appear to be continuous with xylem rays.

Question 49

When comparing woody stems to herbaceous stems, woody stems typically ______________.

A) have no vascular cambium
B) produce new growth each season
C) normally live only one season
D) are usually green and soft
E) both [produce new growth each season and are usually green and soft] are correct

Question 50

Specialized stems may function as _____________.

A) photosynthetic organs
B) for food storage
C) for water storage
D) for protection
E) All of these are functions of certain specialized stems.

Question 51

The pattern of growth in a woody stem that allows someone to determine the age of the stem results from

A) growth of the apical meristem
B) growth of the cork cambium
C) production of spring and summer wood by vascular cambium
D) development of knots
E) all of these answers are correct

Question 52

Knots are branch bases that have become covered over by new wood.

Question 53

Nearly all plants produce laticifers.

Question 54

An increment borer is a common pest of woody stems.

Question 55

Lenticels and stomata function in gas exchange.

Question 56

The bases of lost branches that have become covered over with new annual rings of wood are called

A) veneer.
B) traces.
C) seasoned wood.
D) knots.
E) lignum vitae.

Question 57

Wood cells are composed primarily of cellulose and

A) lignin.
B) pectin.
C) starch.
D) glucose.
E) suberin.

Question 58

Most stem tips have caps over them that protect them while they are growing.

Question 59

A cladophyll is a stem with thick bark.

Question 60

The cortex and the pith consist primarily of parenchyma cells.

Question 61

Roots produced on rhizomes are adventitious.

Question 62

Monocot plants frequently develop woody stems.

Question 63

Specialized stems that aid grape vines and Boston ivy in climbing are called stipules.