Deck 15: Trace Minerals

Question 1

The hemoglobin molecule

A) contains 4 heme compounds.
B) carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
C) decreases during iron deficiency anemia.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Phytic acid and oxalic acid ________ the absorption of dietary iron.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) do not have any effect on

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Athletes commonly believe that the trace mineral ________ helps improve muscle mass and strength despite lack of research evidence.

A) chromium
B) zinc
C) manganese
D) selenium

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Most of the iron in the body is found as a part of

A) ferritin.
B) albumin.
C) hemosiderin.
D) hemoglobin.

Question 5

A low serum concentration of hemoglobin is most often associated with a deficiency of

A) zinc.
B) iodine.
C) copper.
D) iron.

Question 6

Approximately ____ of dietary iron is absorbed each day from typical Westernized diets.

A) 1-3%
B) 14-18%
C) 55-65%
D) 90-99%

Question 7

Ceruloplasmin is

A) a zinc-containing enzyme in the intestinal wall.
B) a copper-containing enzyme that oxidizes Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺.
C) the storage form of iron in the liver.
D) a component of the electron transport system.

Question 8

When body cells need more iron,the number of transferrin receptors on the cell surface

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) remains unchanged.

Question 9

Which nutrient increases the absorption of non-heme iron by reducing ferric iron (Fe³⁺)to ferrous iron (Fe²⁺)?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin D

Question 10

The richest sources of iron in the diet are

A) fruits and vegetables.
B) nuts and seeds.
C) meats and seafood.
D) breads and pastries.

Question 11

Which type of dietary iron is most efficiently absorbed?

A) non-heme iron
B) elemental iron
C) heme iron
D) All these forms of iron are absorbed equally.

Question 12

The proteins ____________ oxidize ferrous iron to ferric iron to allow iron to be transported to body cells.

A) hemosiderin and ferritin
B) heme and non-heme
C) hephaestin and ceruloplasmin
D) ferritin and albumin

Question 13

Which of the following factors increases iron absorption?

A) high intakes of zinc
B) high stores of iron
C) low gastric acidity
D) increased need for iron

Question 14

Hemoglobin,cytochromes,and myoglobin all contain

A) selenium.
B) zinc.
C) iron.
D) iodine.

Question 15

Excess intake of zinc supplements can reduce absorption of

A) selenium.
B) calcium.
C) copper.
D) iodine.

Question 16

Ferritin and hemosiderin are

A) storage forms of iron.
B) zinc-containing proteins.
C) protein carriers of selenium in the blood.
D) iodine-containing enzymes.

Question 17

Which of the following foods is a good source of non-heme iron?

A) eggs
B) spinach
C) grilled chicken
D) clams

Question 18

Approximately _______ of iron used each day is recovered and recycled.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 75%
D) 90%

Question 19

The transport of iron out of the intestinal cell for incorporation into serum transferrin is aided by the protein

A) insulin.
B) myoglobin.
C) ferroportin.
D) thyroxine.

Question 20

Iron is stored in the liver as

A) hephaestin.
B) heparin.
C) ceruloplasmin.
D) ferritin.

Question 21

Which of the following population groups is at highest risk of iron-deficiency anemia?

A) post-menopausal women
B) weight-training athletes
C) premature infants
D) male college students

Question 22

The symptoms of copper deficiency in humans include all of the following EXCEPT

A) anemia.
B) thyroid disorders.
C) decreased white blood cell counts.
D) bone loss (osteopenia).

Question 23

A dietary deficiency of ______ is associated with retarded growth and inadequate sexual development in humans.

A) copper
B) iodine
C) selenium
D) zinc

Question 24

Individuals with Wilson's disease over-accumulate ________ in the liver and brain.

A) iodine
B) selenium
C) copper
D) manganese

Question 25

When large doses of zinc are consumed,the excess is excreted primarily via

A) the sweat.
B) the urine.
C) the feces.
D) expired air.

Question 26

The enzyme superoxide dismutase contains both copper and zinc.The function of this enzyme is

A) to decrease serum cholesterol levels.
B) to protect an individual from developing night blindness.
C) to act as a scavenger of free radicals, thus protecting the lipid components of the cell.
D) to prevent GI reflux and symptoms of heartburn.

Question 27

Zinc functions as a part of

A) immune function.
B) antioxidant defense.
C) DNA and RNA synthesis.
D) Zinc is involved in all of these functions.

Question 28

A major factor contributing to the decline in iron deficiency anemia among poor preschool children in the U.S.is

A) better nutrition education of parents, so that foods children need are actually being served.
B) the federal Food Stamp Program (now called SNAP).
C) the nationwide system of food pantries and soup kitchens.
D) the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) that distributes iron-fortified formulas and cereals.

Question 29

The "mucosal block" theory is one explanation of how the body protects itself from excess absorption of dietary

A) iron and zinc.
B) iodide and chromium.
C) fluoride and chloride.
D) manganese and selenium.

Question 30

Dietary zinc absorption is increased by

A) phytic acid.
B) zinc deficiency.
C) ferritin status.
D) the amount of vitamin C in the diet.

Question 31

Which of the following is a symptom of zinc deficiency?

A) megaloblastic anemia
B) increased taste sensitivity
C) poor wound healing
D) cretenism

Question 32

Iron-deficiency anemia often causes symptoms of

A) fatigue.
B) night blindness.
C) dental decay.
D) dermatitis.

Question 33

The RDA for zinc for adults is

A) 11 grams for men and 8 grams for women.
B) 15 grams for both men and women.
C) 11 mg for men and 8 mg for women.
D) 15 mg for both men and women.

Question 34

In iron-deficiency anemia,the red blood cells are usually classified as

A) macrocytic and normochromic.
B) microcytic and hypochromic.
C) normocytic and hyperchromic.
D) megaloblastic.

Question 35

Iron plays a role in all of the following functions EXCEPT

A) immune function.
B) oxygen transport.
C) cognitive development.
D) synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Question 36

Which group of foods would provide the most bioavailable zinc?

A) refined breads and cereals
B) oysters and other seafood
C) spinach and leafy greens
D) black-eyed peas and lentils

Question 37

Which population group is considered at low risk for iron-deficiency anemia?

A) pregnant women
B) infants and preschool children
C) vegans
D) middle-aged businessmen

Question 38

Zinc can induce the synthesis of metallothionein,which

A) is the primary protein carrier of zinc in the blood.
B) can hinder the absorption of zinc from the intestinal cell.
C) is the storage form of zinc in the liver.
D) is a zinc-containing enzyme in the antioxidant defense network.

Question 39

Hemochromatosis is

A) a form of anemia common in female athletes.
B) a genetic condition causing excess absorption of dietary iron.
C) a type of erythrocyte that carries extra iron.
D) a genetic form of iron deficiency.

Question 40

The mineral that partly "spares" the antioxidant vitamin E is

A) copper.
B) selenium.
C) chromium.
D) iodide.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT classified as an ultratrace mineral?

A) arsenic
B) boron
C) selenium
D) vanadium

Question 42

The richest sources of copper are

A) oranges and melons.
B) refined grains and pastries.
C) nuts and dark chocolate.
D) dark leafy greens.

Question 43

The role of hydroxyfluorapatite is to

A) enhance insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes.
B) prevent dental caries.
C) improve the rate of growth in children.
D) prevent the development of anemia.

Question 44

Cretinism may form as a consequence of a severe deficiency of

A) chromium.
B) selenium.
C) copper.
D) iodine.

Question 45

In humans,impaired glucose tolerance and weight loss have been associated with a dietary deficiency of

A) selenium.
B) manganese.
C) molybdenum.
D) chromium.

Question 46

Which of the following is associated with selenium deficiency?

A) Wilson's disease
B) Keshan disease
C) Grave's disease
D) Lou Gehrig's disease

Question 47

Which of the following has been associated with a decreased risk of cancer?

A) low intakes of calcium
B) high intakes of nitrates
C) adequate intake of vitamin D
D) low intakes of lycopene

Question 48

The fluoridation of public drinking water is

A) responsible for a 40% to 60% reduction in dental caries in children.
B) an effective means of providing dietary selenium.
C) not as effective as fluoridated toothpaste.
D) mandatory in all states in the U.S.

Question 49

Goitrogenic foods that can inhibit iodide metabolism include

A) cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower.
B) yogurt, buttermilk, and cheese.
C) oranges and grapefruit.
D) beef, poultry, and fish.

Question 50

Iodide in the blood is trapped by the

A) pancreas and incorporated into insulin.
B) adrenal glands and incorporated into aldosterone.
C) pituitary gland and incorporated into calcitonin.
D) thyroid gland and incorporated into thyroxine.

Question 51

Fluoridated water typically contains about

A) 1.0 mg/8 ounces.
B) 0.2 mg/8 ounces.
C) 20 mg/8 ounces.
D) 0.5 mg/8 ounces.

Question 52

Which of the following enzymes contains selenium?

A) glutathione peroxidase
B) superoxide dismutase
C) lysyl oxidase
D) pancrease

Question 53

In a situation where there is an insufficient intake of dietary iodide,the thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes the enlargement of the thyroid gland.This condition is called

A) Graves' disease.
B) goiter.
C) hyperparathyroidism.
D) Wilson's disease.

Question 54

Excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development can cause

A) glucose intolerance.
B) mottling of the teeth.
C) dermatitis.
D) bleeding of the gums.

Question 55

Which of the following contribute to increased risk of cancer?

A) viruses
B) radiation
C) dietary fat
D) All of these factors may increase cancer risk.

Question 56

Fluoride is typically provided by sources such as

A) toothpaste.
B) fluoride treatments by the dentist.
C) drinking water.
D) All of these choices are accurate.

Question 57

The most dependable and abundant source of iodide in the American diet is

A) saltwater fish.
B) dark leafy greens.
C) enriched cereal grains.
D) fortified salt.

Question 58

The amount of selenium in foods

A) is consistently high in plant-based foods.
B) will depend on the total amount of other minerals in the food.
C) depends on the type of water used to irrigate crops.
D) depends on the amount of selenium in the soil where crops are grown.

Question 59

Which of the following is the leading type of cancer in males and females?

A) brain
B) liver
C) lung
D) colon

Question 60

A deficiency of dietary iodide is characterized by

A) osteoporosis.
B) goiter.
C) dental caries.
D) decreased glucose tolerance.

Question 61

All community water systems in the United States are currently fluoridated.

Question 62

Iodine deficiency and iron deficiency are the most common mineral deficiencies worldwide.

Question 63

High intakes of polyphenols,meat protein factor,and manganese aid in the absorption of non-heme iron.

Question 64

Molybdenum functions as a cofactor for several enzymes in human metabolism.

Question 65

Manganese plays a role in antioxidant defense as a part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme system.

Question 66

Zinc is transported in the blood to tissues by the proteins albumin and alpha-2 macroglobulin.

Question 67

Cancers can metastasize to distant parts of the body via the blood or lymph to form invasive tumors.

Question 68

The ultratrace mineral boron does not yet have an established UL.

Question 69

Adequate selenium intake may lower risk of prostate,lung,and other cancers.

Question 70

Copper plays a role in connective tissue formation as a component of lysyl oxidase.

Question 71

In the U.S.,accidental iron overdose is the leading cause of poisoning in young children less than 6 years of age.

Question 72

Copper absorption is the primary means of regulating copper balance.

Question 73

Marginal deficiencies of zinc and copper may be of concern in some population groups in the U.S.even if they do not result in physical symptoms.

Question 74

In the United States,salt can be purchased either with or without added iodide.

Question 75

Zinc supplementation is a scientifically proven means of preventing the common cold.

Question 76

Approximately 90% of dietary manganese is absorbed and then transported by transferrin to the liver.

Question 77

Whole grains,nuts,legumes,and tea are the best sources of manganese.

Question 78

Manganese deficiency and toxicity rarely have been reported in humans.

Question 79

Ferritin is a key iron-binding protein in the intestinal mucosa that prevents it from entering the bloodstream.

Question 80

Dietary heme iron is obtained mainly from plant-based foods.