Deck 14: Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Question 1

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ______.

A)digestive tract
B)eyes
C)skin
D)respiratory tract
E)urinary tract

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota?

A)Eyes
B)Skin
C)Urinary tract
D)Digestive tract
E)Respiratory tract

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's specific immune system?

A)Monocytes
B)Lymphocytes
C)Neutrophils
D)Eosinophils
E)Basophils

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Nonspecific chemical defenses include

A)lysozyme.
B)lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat.
C)the skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.
D)stomach hydrochloric acid.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 5

The main function of the mononuclear phagocyte system is to provide

A)surveillance cells.
B)a connection between tissues and organs.
C)filtration of extracellular fluid.
D)filtration of blood.

Question 6

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it

A)is toxic to pathogens.
B)destroys pathogens.
C)physically restricts pathogens to a specific region.
D)creates a physical barrier against pathogens.

Question 7

Which white blood cells comprise 3-7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A)Basophils
B)Eosinophils
C)Neutrophils
D)Monocytes
E)Lymphocytes

Question 8

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for

A)surveillance of the body.
B)recognition of foreign material.
C)destruction of foreign material.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Plasma

A)is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
B)is mostly water.
C)contains albumin and globulins.
D)contains fibrinogen.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?

A)Extracellular fluid
B)Intracellular fluid
C)Blood stream
D)Lymphatic system

Question 11

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

A)antibody
B)allergen
C)antigen
D)foreign body

Question 12

Components of the first line of defense include all of the following, except

A)the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.
B)the flushing action of tears and blinking.
C)nasal hairs.
D)phagocytic white blood cells.
E)the flushing action of urine.

Question 13

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ______.

A)neutrophils
B)lymphocytes
C)monocytes
D)basophils
E)eosinophils

Question 14

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are ______.

A)basophils
B)lymphocytes
C)eosinophils
D)monocytes
E)neutrophils

Question 15

Lysozyme is found in ______.

A)tears
B)salivary secretions
C)sweat from sweat glands
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

All of the following are physical barriers to pathogens, except ______.

A)hairs
B)T cells
C)unbroken skin
D)mucous
E)tears

Question 17

Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells?

A)They develop from undifferentiated stem cells.
B)They include glial cells.
C)They include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei.
D)After birth, they are produced in red bone marrow sites.
E)They include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes.

Question 18

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their ______.

A)markers
B)sizes
C)cell processes
D)shapes
E)cell walls

Question 19

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ______.

A)eosinophils
B)lymphocytes
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)basophils

Question 20

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is ______.

A)lactic acid
B)bile
C)histamine
D)hydrochloric acid
E)lysozyme

Question 21

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all of the following except ______.

A)pain
B)redness
C)warmth
D)chills
E)swelling

Question 22

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

A)Spleen
B)Thymus
C)GALT
D)Tonsils
E)Lymph nodes

Question 23

Humoral immunity involves ______, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.

A)T cells; B cells
B)monocytes; basophils
C)B cells; neutrophils
D)basophils; T cells
E)B cells; T cells

Question 24

The granules of neutrophils contain ______.

A)histamine
B)antigens
C)peroxidase
D)digestive enzymes
E)antibodies

Question 25

A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens is a(n) ______.

A)dendritic cell
B)platelet
C)macrophage
D)eosinophil
E)mast cell

Question 26

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

A)GALT
B)Spleen
C)Lymph nodes
D)Thymus
E)Tonsils

Question 27

All of the following are events of early inflammation except

A)macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis.
B)chemical mediators and cytokines are released.
C)brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation.
D)exudate and pus can accumulate.
E)capillaries become more permeable, resulting in edema.

Question 28

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ______.

A)GALT
B)the thymus
C)lymph nodes
D)tonsils
E)the spleen

Question 29

Hematopoiesis is the

A)production of only red blood cells.
B)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
C)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.
D)production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
E)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.

Question 30

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A)Tonsils
B)Thymus
C)Lymph nodes
D)Spleen
E)GALT

Question 31

The granules of eosinophils contain ______.

A)peroxidase
B)antigens
C)histamine
D)antibodies
E)serotonin

Question 32

All of the following pertain to platelets, except

A)they are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.
B)they originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.
C)they function in blood clotting and inflammation.
D)they function primarily in hemostasis.
E)they contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 33

Place the following cells in order from greatest to least phagocytic activity: neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages.

A)Macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils
B)Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
C)Eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils
D)Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages
E)Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 34

Which type of white blood cell is particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

A)Basophils
B)Neutrophils
C)Lymphocytes
D)Eosinophils
E)Monocytes

Question 35

All of the following are granulocytes except _____.

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)lymphocytes
D)basophils
E)All of the choices are granulocytes.

Question 36

The granules of basophils contain ______.

A)digestive enzymes
B)histamine
C)antigens
D)antibodies
E)lysozyme

Question 37

Plasma cells

A)are derived from T lymphocytes.
B)function in cell-mediated immunity.
C)function in blood clotting.
D)produce and secrete antibodies.

Question 38

Diapedesis is the

A)production of only red blood cells.
B)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
C)production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.
E)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.

Question 39

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues, they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ______.

A)macrophages
B)primary phagocytes
C)neutrophils
D)killer T cells
E)cytotoxic T cells

Question 40

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that appear with identifying, characteristic colors in a stained blood smear.

A)agranulocytes
B)granulocytes
C)monocytes
D)leukocytes

Question 41

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells that need to produce antiviral proteins?

A)Albumin
B)Histamine
C)Interferon
D)Complement
E)Lysozyme

Question 42

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

A)Ingestion
B)Destruction
C)Diapedesis
D)Chemotaxis
E)Phagolysosome formation

Question 43

The leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called ______.

A)pus
B)chemotaxis
C)edema
D)vasoactivity
E)diapedesis

Question 44

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are ______.

A)interferons
B)lysozymes
C)complement
D)leukotrines
E)pyrogens

Question 45

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

A)PAMPs
B)IFNs
C)BALTs
D)RES
E)MALTs

Question 46

All of the following pertain to interferon except

A)it inhibits viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression.
B)it increases capillary permeability and vasodilation.
C)it is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells.
D)it includes alpha, beta, and gamma types.
E)it is a protein.

Question 47

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A)initiation of the cascade.
B)the production of inflammatory cytokines.
C)C1q binding to surface receptors on a membrane.
D)a ring-shaped protein digesting holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.
E)the cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b.

Question 48

Each of the following is a term reflecting a process involved in the migration of white blood cells except ______.

A)chemotaxis
B)vasodilation
C)motility
D)phagocytosis
E)diapedesis

Question 49

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells and viruses.

A)lymphoid
B)cell-mediated
C)complement
D)humoral immunity

Question 50

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

A)Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
B)Inflammation can last hours to years.
C)Basophils and mast cells release histamine.
D)Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E)Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

Question 51

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

A)pain
B)chills
C)sweating
D)heat

Question 52

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

A)Cause a fever
B)Start tissue repair
C)Block further invasion
D)Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
E)Destroy microbes

Question 53

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

A)It acts in a cascade reaction.
B)It is composed of at least 20 blood proteins.
C)It involves a classical pathway.
D)It only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen.
E)It involves an alternate pathway.

Question 54

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all

A)mediators that increase chemotaxis.
B)mediators of T-cell activity.
C)fever inducers.
D)mediators of B-cell activity.
E)vasoactive mediators.

Question 55

Which of the following is mismatched in relation to inflammation?

A)Tumor - cancer
B)Rubor - redness
C)Dolor - pain
D)Calor - warmth

Question 56

Each of the following are benefits of fever except

A)it increases the availability of iron.
B)it increases metabolism.
C)it stimulates hematopoiesis.
D)it increases phagocytosis.
E)it reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

A)Monocyte
B)Lymphocyte
C)Macrophage
D)Neutrophil
E)Kupffer cell

Question 58

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances?

A)Hydrogen peroxide
B)Nitric oxide
C)Lactic acid
D)Superoxide anion
E)All of these are used.

Question 59

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammatory process?

A)Activation of complement
B)Vascular reactions
C)Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
D)Formation of pus and edema
E)Scar formation and/or resolution

Question 60

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced in order to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

A)Complement production
B)Inflammation
C)Interferon production
D)Lysozyme production
E)Phagocytosis

Question 61

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

Question 62

Plasma is also called lymph.

Question 63

Despite not being a physical barrier, the resident microbiota are considered part of the first line of defense since they stimulate inflammation and fever, enhancing pathogen removal.

Question 64

Your 81-year old grandfather has been diagnosed with cancer of the thymus.The doctor is urging surgical removal of the cancer, but you and the family are worried about the consequences of removing an entire organ such as the thymus.Which statement is correct?

A)Your grandfather would not be able to produce complement proteins necessary for pathogen control and inflammation.
B)Your grandfather will have a loss of T lymphocytes and will have an immune deficiency.
C)Your grandfather would not have sufficient phagocytic cells and would not be able to contain bacterial infections.
D)There is nothing to worry about; thymus removal will not affect your grandfather's immune status at his age.

Question 65

A patient visits your clinic often with recurrent respiratory infections.Based upon their medical history, it appears they have been an active smoker for over 40 years.Select the statement that most accurately reflects how this information may reveal why the patient is highly susceptible to respiratory pathogens.

A)Smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.
B)Smoking decreases the formation and effectiveness of complement proteins.
C)Smoking directly inhibits B- and T-cell action.
D)Smoking decreases the activity of neutrophils.

Question 66

The normal human microbiota is considered part of the 1st line of defense because

A)microbial antagonism keeps potential pathogens in check.
B)microbiota cause an inflammatory response, eliminating pathogens.
C)pathogens and normal biota cannot exist in the same location.
D)resident bacterial cells stimulate phagocytosis of pathogens.

Question 67

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Question 68

The production of interferon will protect the host cell from a viral infection.

Question 69

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has chemicals in its cell wall that inhibit the fusion of phagocytic vacuoles with lysosomes.Which statement is true?

A)Complement proteins will take over to destroy the bacteria.
B)Antibodies produced by the cells can more effectively kill the bacteria.
C)The bacterium can survive and replicate inside of the phagocytic cell.
D)The bacterium can produce chemicals which can destroy the macrophage housing the bacterium.

Question 70

Microbial antagonism is the

A)prevention of immune responses by the resident microbiota.
B)suppression of the complement cascade by microbes.
C)competition for nutrients, oxygen, and space between the resident microbiota and potential pathogens.
D)inhibition of T cell binding to microbes.

Question 71

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

Question 72

You have severe itching problems when bitten by an insect.Your friend gives you an ointment to spread on your skin around the bite so that the redness and itching do not bother you.The likely mechanism of this medication would be

A)the inactivation of neutrophils.
B)the destruction of phagocytic cells.
C)to act as an antagonist of histamine.
D)the inhibition of lysozyme.

Question 73

Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

Question 74

During phagocytosis, intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.

Question 75

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

Question 76

After loading wood into a fireplace, you realize you have gotten a splinter in your finger.Within a short period of time, your finger is painful, red, and swollen, and is warm to the touch.This is an example of ______.

A)nonspecific resistance
B)specific resistance
C)acquired immunity
D)adaptive immunity

Question 77

During inflammation, a high neutrophil count is a common sign of bacterial infection.

Question 78

A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs.

Question 79

Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes.

Question 80

Genetic differences among species and within a species can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases.