Deck 11: Mass-Storage Structure

Question 1

What are the two components of positioning time?

A) seek time + rotational latency
B) transfer time + transfer rate
C) effective transfer rate - transfer rate
D) cylinder positioning time + disk arm positioning time

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Number of sectors per track increases as we move from inner zone to outer zone, because

A) the drive can increase its rotation speed as the head moves from the outer to the inner tracks.
B) the drive can decrease its rotation speed as the head moves from the outer to the inner tracks.
C) angular velocity of disk rotation can vary.
D) angular velocity of disk rotation can remain constant.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The surface of a magnetic disk platter is divided into ____.

A) sectors
B) arms
C) tracks
D) cylinders

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A hard disk drive has 16 platters, 8192 cylinders, and 256 4KB sectors per track. The storage capacity of this disk drive is at most

A) 128 TB.
B) 32 TB.
C) 32 GB.
D) 128 GB.

Question 5

If a few bits in an HDD sector or NVM page are corrupted, the controller can recover the correct values using ECC only if

A) the bit corruption is limited to the data portion of the sector/page.
B) the bit corruption hasn't occurred in the ECC of the sector/page.
C) the bit corruption hasn't occurred in the ECC or the header of the sector/page.
D) number of bits corrupted is low irrespective of where the corruption occurs in the sector/page.

Question 6

A Flash Translation Layer

A) translates user data to a format that can be written on the NVM.
B) tracks which physical block contains the most number of consecutive invalid pages.
C) tracks which physical block contains only valid pages.
D) tracks which physical block contains only invalid pages.

Question 7

Compared to USB, NVMe provides

A) both higher throughput and lower latency.
B) higher throughput, but higher latency.
C) lower latency, but lower throughput.
D) neither higher throughput and lower latency.

Question 8

Solid state disks (SSDs) commonly use the ___________ disk scheduling policy.

A) C-SCAN
B) SCAN
C) FCFS
D) None of the above

Question 9

A full bootstrap program

A) is stored in ROM to ensure to avoid any infection from viruses.
B) is part of an operating system
C) may be infected by viruses.
D) runs after the operating system has been loaded in memory.

Question 10

The SCAN scheduling algorithm ____.

A) services the request with the minimum seek time
B) services the request next to the current head position in the direction of the head movement
C) chooses to service the request furthest from the current head position
D) services the request next to the current head position in the opposite direction of the head movement

Question 11

Which of the following statements regarding solid state disks (SSDs) is false?

A) They generally consume more power than traditional hard disks.
B) They have the same characteristics as magnetic hard disks, but can be more reliable.
C) They are generally more expensive per megabyte than traditional hard disks.
D) They have no seek time or latency.

Question 12

Consider a disk queue holding requests to the following cylinders in the listed order: 116, 22, 3, 11, 75, 185, 100, 87. Using the SCAN scheduling algorithm, what is the order that the requests are serviced, assuming the disk head is at cylinder 88 and moving upward through the cylinders?

A) 116 - 22 - 3 - 11 - 75 - 185 - 100 - 87
B) 100 - 116 - 185 - 87 - 75 - 22 - 11 - 3
C) 87 - 75 - 100 - 116 - 185 - 22 - 11 - 3
D) 100 - 116 - 185 - 3 - 11 - 22 - 75 - 87

Question 13

An I/O system call does not include

A) memory address.
B) storage device address.
C) CPU speed.
D) whether the operation is input or output.

Question 14

Disk scheduling algorithms in operating systems consider only seek distances, because

A) rotational latency is insignificant compared to the average seek time.
B) modern disks do not disclose the physical location of logical blocks.
C) the operating systems may have other constraints such as writes may be more urgent than reads.
D) it is difficult to optimize seek time in disk hardware.

Question 15

An advantage of SSDs over HDDs is

A) SSDs are cheaper per megabyte than HDDs.
B) SSDs are more reliable than HDDs.
C) SSDs are faster than HDDs.
D) B and C

Question 16

Which of the following disk head scheduling algorithms does not take into account the current position of the disk head?

A) FCFS
B) C-SCAN
C) SCAN
D) All scheduling algorithms take into account the current position of the disk head

Question 17

To further optimize I/O performance, some SSD schedulers

A) merge adjacent read requests but not adjacent write requests.
B) merge adjacent write requests but not adjacent read requests.
C) merge all adjacent I/O requests.
D) do not merge requests at all.

Question 18

Consider a disk queue holding requests to the following cylinders in the listed order: 210, 67, 11, 99, 87, 90, 19, 150. Using the C-SCAN scheduling algorithm, what is the order that the requests are serviced, assuming the disk head is at cylinder 88 and moving upward through the cylinders?

A) 87 - 90 - 99 - 67 - 19 - 11 - 150 - 210
B) 210 - 67 - 11 - 99 - 87 - 90 - 19 - 150
C) 90 - 99 - 150 - 210 - 11 - 19 - 67 - 87
D) 90 - 99 - 150 - 210 - 87 - 67 - 19 - 11

Question 19

DRAMs are now commonly used for mass data storage, because

A) programs can share data easily when using RAMs.
B) DRAMs are cheaper than SSDs.
C) programs may not need the data they store in future.
D) storage capacity of DRAMS is typically much larger than HDDs.

Question 20

Which of the following statement about device formatting is FALSE?

A) Device manufacturers store the initial file-system data structures in the device.
B) Operating system can create multiple partitions with in a single device.
C) Volume creation is implicit when a file system is placed directly within a partition.
D) Not every partition contains a copy of the operating systems.

Question 21

A track is the smallest unit of data transfer in a hard disk drive.

Question 22

Describe how Solaris ZFS file system uses checksums to maintain the integrity of data.

Question 23

What is the advantage of C-SCAN over SCAN disk head scheduling?

Question 24

RAID level ____ is the most common parity RAID system.

A) 0
B) 0+1
C) 4
D) 5

Question 25

Which of the following is FALSE about swap space use?

A) Swap space may be used to hold an entire process image.
B) Swap space may be used to store only pages that have been pushed out of main memory.
C) Swap space may be used to store the file system.
D) Swap space can be a dedicated swap partition, a swap file, or a combination of swap partitions and swap files.

Question 26

Which of the following is FALSE about Storage Area Networks?

A) SANs make it possible for clusters of servers to share the same storage.
B) SANs use storage protocols rather than network protocols.
C) Allocation of storage to hosts is static.
D) Multiple hosts can attach to the same SAN.

Question 27

What is a disadvantage of the FCFS scheduling algorithm?

Question 28

SCAN disk head scheduling offers no practical benefit over FCFS disk head scheduling.

Question 29

What are the factors influencing the selection of a disk-scheduling algorithm?

Question 30

Difference between sector sparing and sector slipping is

A) sector sparing uses spare sectors while sector slipping does not.
B) sector sparing results in copying of a single sector while sector slipping may result in copying of multiple sectors.
C) sector sparing can help recover from hard errors while sector slipping cannot.
D) sector slipping can help recover from hard errors while sector sparing cannot.

Question 31

In a swap map in Linux

A) counter value 0 indicates that the page slot is occupied by a swapped page.
B) counter value 5 indicates that the page slot is occupied and the page is shared by five processes.
C) counter value -1 indicates that the page slot is available.
D) counter value -5 indicates that the page slot was occupied by a page that was shared by five processes, and is now available.

Question 32

Describe one technique that can enable multiple disks to be used to improve data transfer rate.

Question 33

Which of the following is TRUE about NAS and Cloud storage?

A) Cloud storage is accessed like a file system while NAS is API based.
B) In an event of temporary network disconnection, an application using NAS will typically hang while an application using cloud storage will typically pause.
C) Cloud storage is typically accessed over a LAN while NAS is accessed over a WAN.
D) All of the above.

Question 34

Describe why Solaris systems only allocate swap space when a page is forced out of main memory, rather than when the virtual memory page is first created.

Question 35

Disk controllers do not usually have a built-in cache.

Question 36

In general, SCAN disk head scheduling will involve less movement of the disk heads than C-SCAN disk head scheduling.

Question 37

Which of the following is TRUE about managing defective blocks?

A) Defective blocks can be handled by OS by ensuring that the file system doesn't allocate those blocks.
B) Low level formatting can set aside spare sectors not visible to the operating system.
C) Controllers can be instructed to replace a bad block by moving all sectors following the defective sector one sector forward until a spare sector is reached.
D) All of the above.

Question 38

What is constant angular velocity in relation to disk drives?

Question 39

Describe an approach for managing bad blocks.

Question 40

What is a storage-area network?

Question 41

In Solaris, swap space is only used as a backing store for pages of anonymous memory.

Question 42

Windows allows a hard disk to be divided into one or more partitions

Question 43

Solid state disks (SSDs) commonly use the FCFS disk scheduling algorithm.

Question 44

Data striping provides reliability for RAID systems.

Question 45

In asynchronous replication, each block is written locally and remotely before the write is considered complete.

Question 46

RAID level 0 provides no redundancy.