Deck 4: Contemporary Classical and Deterrence Research

Question 1

Peers have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of offending.When one sees one's friends getting away with crimes,the risk of punishment ______.

A)is increased
B)is decreased
C)remains stagnant

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Global positioning systems (GPS)have been used by authorities to predict all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)areas with low fear of crime
B)where chronic offenders will strike next
C)serial killer locations
D)areas needing increased police presence

Answer 2

A

Question 3

______ is an explanation of crime that assumes crime and victimization are highest in places where three factors come together in time and place: motivated offenders,suitable or attractive targets,and absence of a guardian.

A)Lifestyle theory
B)Deterrence theory
C)Neoclassical theory
D)Routine activities theory 

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to the Minneapolis,Minnesota,study,of the top 10 locations police were called,half were ______.

A)bars or places alcohol was served
B)malls
C)vacant house
D)bus depots

Question 5

Deterrence research has shifted away from aggregate level units of analysis and toward ______ level.

A)family
B)national
C)group
D)individual

Question 6

Your textbook discusses the ______study,which applied routine activities theory.

A)Oregon Hot Spots
B)Colorado Hot Spots
C)Nebraska Hot Spots
D)Minneapolis Hot Spots

Question 7

Cross-sectional studies usually involve data collection in ______ format.

A)survey
B)observational
C)secondary data
D)group

Question 8

Robert Martinson's review of ______ concluded that "nothing works" because offending was not reduced.

A)corrections
B)courts
C)rehabilitative programs
D)criminal justice systems

Question 9

The three elements of routine activities theory are:

A)capable guardian,poverty,and gangs
B)attractive targets,absence of a guardian,and motivated offender
C)capable guardian,poverty,and businesses
D)little kids,absence of a guardian,and motivated offender

Question 10

Which of the following are far less likely to be victimized?

A)males
B)young males
C)elderly
D)None of these

Question 11

Cross-sectional studies have found that the ______ of punishment was strongly associated with intentions to commit future crimes.

A)certainty
B)severity
C)celerity
D)conformity

Question 12

All of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT:

A)community acceptance
B)courts
C)jail or prison
D)law enforcement

Question 13

Aggregate studies have shown evidence that an increased certainty of punishment was associated with ______ crime for most serious offenses.

A)more
B)no change in
C)less

Question 14

Lifestyle theory is merely an extension of ______,offering no new revelations for why some individuals are victimized more than others.

A)routine activities theory
B)rational choice theory
C)deterrence theory
D)lifestyle theory

Question 15

This type of research asks individuals to estimate their immediate intent to commit a criminal act in a given situation and their immediate perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment.

A)longitudinal studies
B)aggregate studies
C)cross-sectional studies
D)scenario studies

Question 16

When research is conducted or data collected at one point in time,it is termed ______.

A)longitudinal studies
B)aggregate studies
C)cross-sectional studies
D)scenario studies

Question 17

______ assumes that individuals are rational and weigh the potential benefits against the potential costs of engaging in a criminal act.

A)Rational choice theory
B)Deterrence theory
C)Neoclassical theory
D)Routine activities theory 

Question 18

Identification of the experiential effect was the primary contribution of ______ studies of deterrence.

A)longitudinal studies
B)aggregate studies
C)cross-sectional studies
D)scenario studies

Question 19

______ are a collection of studies,generally on a particular topic.These types of studies were popular in the late 1960s to test the deterrence model.

A)Longitudinal studies
B)Aggregate studies
C)Cross-sectional studies
D)Scenario studies

Question 20

Studies showing informal sanctions to be the source of most deterrent effects for individuals led to the creation of which theory?

A)routine activities theory
B)lifestyle theory
C)rational choice theory
D)deterrence theory

Question 21

Most offenders who are arrested are arrested again throughout their lifetime.

Question 22

What is a hot spot? How do police departments use GPS (global positioning systems)software in relation to hot spots,and what can it help to predict? How can police departments use this information to serve the public better?

Question 23

Studies that collect data primarily from one point in time are known as cross-sectional studies.

Question 24

The experiential effect is the extent to which previous experience affects individuals' perceptions of how severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or not to offend again.

Question 25

Longitudinal research studies found behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior.

Question 26

An example of informal deterrent effects would be the involvement of law enforcement,courts,and corrections.

Question 27

The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time in Jack Katz's 1988 publication Seductions of Crime.

Question 28

Vignettes are short interviews.

Question 29

Why do individuals who have been arrested for driving drunk predict the chances of being caught as low?

Question 30

Informal sanctions and controls matter the most to the majority of society,as compared with other sanctions.

Question 31

Aggregate studies revealed a new interest in deterrence and supported the importance of what two Beccarian ideas?

Question 32

What is the experiential effect? Give an example.Can this effect be combated or changed,and if so,how?

Question 33

Global positioning systems (GPS)used by police departments have been used to catch serial killers in the past.

Question 34

People who fear punishment cannot be effectively deterred.

Question 35

Males are more influenced by shame and moral beliefs when deciding to commit offenses as compared with females.

Question 36

According to studies,most people who have never driven drunk have an unrealistically high likelihood of arrest.

Question 37

In the late 1960s and early 1970s,the Beccarian model of offending experienced a rebirth largely due to scientific reviews showing that the rehabilitation programs popular during the 1960s had virtually no impact in reducing recidivism among offenders,especially chronic offenders.

Question 38

Aggregate studies are a collection of studies,generally on a particular topic.

Question 39

Develop a vignette for use in a scenario research project.How would this vignette help determine individual perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment?

Question 40

Aggregate studies conducted in the 1960s showed evidence that increased risk or certainty of punishment was not associated with less crime for most serious offenses.

Question 41

Give two (2)examples of a hot spot.

Question 42

How is certainty of punishment typically measured in studies (name one of the two)?

Question 43

Explain lifestyles theory.

Question 44

How can increased lighting be considered a form of guardianship?

Question 45

What is one of the major issues concerning deterrence theory?

Question 46

Create a policy implication that can be derived from the theories and scientific findings of this chapter.

Question 47

Create a scenario of a crime that was committed that would be supported under routine activities theory.

Question 48

Why are establishments that serve alcohol,such as a bar,a typical target for motivated offenders?

Question 49

According to routine activities theory,crime and victimization are highest in places where what three (3)factors come together? Explain each factor and give an example of a crime where all three (3)factors are present.

Question 50

Provide examples of informal and formal social control.