Deck 5: Early Positivism

Question 1

According to Sheldon,all embryos must develop ______ distinct tissue layers,which are still acknowledged by perinatal medical researchers.

A)four
B)five
C)three
D)six

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The science of determining human disposition based on distinctions (bumps)in the skull.

A)craniometry
B)phrenology
C)atavism
D)physiognomy

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The emphasis on science in criminology started in the ______ and provided a basis for what continues today.

A)mid-1700s
B)mid-1800s
C)mid-1900s
D)beginning of the 21st century

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Later studies of craniometry revealed ______ between size of the skull/brain and certain behaviors or personality traits.

A)a small correlation
B)a large correlation
C)no correlation
D)an unknown correlation

Question 5

The lowest group on the ranked order of low IQ individuals according to Goddard was the ______.

A)morons
B)idiots
C)imbeciles
D)fool

Question 6

All of the following are policy implications derived from the theories and findings discussed in Chapter 5 EXCEPT:

A)medical screening at puberty for MPAs
B)same-sex classes
C)mandatory health insurance for pregnant mothers and children
D)youth screening for abnormal levels of hormones,neurotransmitters,and toxins

Question 7

Scientists and academics became aware that the Classical School and deterrence framework was not explaining what?

A)what could stop individuals from committing crime
B)which individuals or groups tended to offend more than others
C)why individuals committed crime
D)the distribution of crime

Question 8

Stigmata not only consisted of facial and bodily features,but also some extra physiological features,including what?

A)tattoos
B)simian crease
C)malformed ears
D)head circumference

Question 9

Several perspectives were created in the mid-1800s that were focused on determining which individuals or groups are most likely to commit crime.These perspectives were likely developed in relation to ______.

A)women's rights
B)class relationships
C)slavery
D)prisoner rights

Question 10

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.William Sheldon's new theoretical perspective merged what two (2)concepts?

A)biology
B)sociology
C)psychology
D)chemistry

Question 11

When Goddard determined that his IQ measurement was flawed,he lowered the criteria for mental age from 12 to ______.

A)4
B)5
C)8
D)10

Question 12

Which individual is known for saying people were born criminal?

A)Goddard
B)Binet
C)Sheldon
D)Lombroso

Question 13

Darwin's theory laid the groundwork for what major scientific theory of crime?

A)rational choice
B)craniometry
C)routine activities
D)born criminals

Question 14

______ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior.

A)Classical School
B)Positive School
C)Evolutionary theory
D)Neoclassical School

Question 15

According to Goddard,the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the ______.

A)moron
B)idiot
C)imbecile
D)fool

Question 16

Which researcher developed the measurement we know today as IQ?

A)Goddard
B)Darwin
C)Lombroso
D)Binet

Question 17

Lombroso's model of stigmata as predictors of antisocial problems is more accepted by ______ than they are by ______.

A)criminologists;political science
B)modern medical science;criminologists
C)criminologists;modern medical science
D)political science;criminologists

Question 18

Which individual is known for labeling low IQ as feeble-mindedness?

A)Goddard
B)Binet
C)Sheldon
D)Lombroso

Question 19

Sheldon's theoretical approach was largely known as:

A)endotyping
B)cromotyping
C)somatotyping
D)none of these

Question 20

Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ______.

A)occipital lobe
B)right temporal lobe
C)left temporal lobe
D)frontal lobe

Question 21

Atavism is the belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development.

Question 22

Lombroso's theory was largely based on certain groups being atavistic.What did this mean?

Question 23

According to modern science and the creator of the measure,IQ cannot be changed.Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their lives.

Question 24

Sheldon tested his theory using poor methodology,and his validity was weak.

Question 25

According to Lombroso,people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.

Question 26

Explain determinism.

Question 27

The various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were believed to conform to the shape of the brain.

Question 28

Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the born criminal.

Question 29

Eugenics is the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction.

Question 30

Most entering freshmen in Ivy League schools,especially Harvard,were asked to pose in three positions for photos in Sheldon's studies.Many politicians who have been in the news in the past few years were participants in his studies.

Question 31

Explain Lombroso's idea of the born criminal and atavism.What did the concept of the born criminal mean for the criminal justice system? Can they be reformed or rehabilitated? Why or why not.

Question 32

The Positive School is a perspective that assumes individuals have free will to control their behavior.

Question 33

Lombroso's documentation of some of the tattoos he saw on known criminal offenders included many tattoos that featured female names or some motto such as "born under an unlucky star" or "man of misfortune."

Question 34

Darwin's theory is very relevant to today's society.

Question 35

The front portion of the brain is called the splenium.

Question 36

Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the guilt or innocence of the suspects.

Question 37

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.According to Herrnstein and Murray,which ethnic group(s)scores the highest on IQ or intelligence testing?

A)African Americans
B)Hispanics
C)Asians
D)Jewish

Question 38

Explain the three (3)different body types according to William Sheldon and how they relate to individual personality traits and temperament.What group had the highest propensity for criminality,and why?

Question 39

If people are born criminals,we can prevent them by medicating them at birth.

Question 40

Explain what positivism and determinism are.How is Lombroso associated with this school of thought? Give two (2)examples of real-life situations in which determinism has affected individual decisions and explain.

Question 41

How was Sheldon's research on body types and temperament flawed?

Question 42

What two (2)political movements of the early 1900s did Lombroso's theory coincide with?

Question 43

According to Darwin,what is natural selection?

Question 44

Can you think of any modern-day examples that are similar to Sheldon's research on body types,often referred to as somatotyping?

Question 45

What is craniometry? What did craniometry studies find concerning ethnic groups and portions of the brain?

Question 46

How important is timing in relation to social acceptance of a theory or proposition?

Question 47

How can identifying young children on the basis of observed stigmata be detrimental to the child?

Question 48

How does examining the tattoos of criminals not coincide with Lombroso's born criminal theory?

Question 49

Should an individual's IQ be taken into account when they have committed a crime? Make sure your argument ties in Goddard's theories.

Question 50

How did Goddard use the concept of IQ testing? How was his concept of the IQ different than the original premise of the measure? How could these ideas and assumptions affect policies and practices of the criminal justice system?