Deck 11: Labeling Theory and Conflict-Marxistradical Theories of Crime

Question 1

Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual traditions EXCEPT:

A)feminist
B)religious
C)critical
D)consensus

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Generally,criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in three (3)ways.Choose the answer below that is NOT one of the three (3)ways Marxist ideology is incorporated.

A)law is a tool of the ruling class
B)scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and understanding crime
C)all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle
D)laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie

Answer 2

D

Question 3

______'s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and designated as violating the law.

A)Lemert
B)Tannenbaum
C)Cooley
D)Mead
E)Becker

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ______ is a concept proposed by Tannenbaum in relation to labeling theory that states when relatively minor laws are broken,the community tends to dramatize it.

A)looking-glass self
B)primary deviance
C)secondary deviance
D)dramatization of evil

Question 5

The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of ______.

A)labeling theory
B)consensus theory
C)radical conflict theory
D)group conflict theory

Question 6

______ argues that part of human nature is that people's lives are a part,and a product,of their group associations.

A)labeling theory
B)critical-radical theory
C)consensus theory
D)group conflict theory

Question 7

Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment.

Question 8

Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and personal interactions.Some of the most important primary groups are all of the following EXCEPT:

A)neighborhood
B)play groups
C)family
D)celebrities

Question 9

The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a new light.

A)retrospective interpretation
B)stereotyping
C)status-degradation ceremony
D)negotiation

Question 10

______ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders.

A)Consensus theory
B)Conflict theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Left realism theory

Question 11

______ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement.

A)left realism
B)peacemaking criminology
C)restorative justice perspective
D)consensus perspective

Question 12

Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by ______ about the labeling perspective.

A)Lemert
B)Becker
C)Tannenbaum
D)Cooley
E)Mead

Question 13

The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following theories EXCEPT:

A)labeling theory
B)biological theory
C)control theory
D)strain theory

Question 14

Who is deviance created by?

A)law makers
B)politicians
C)individuals
D)society

Question 15

Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT:

A)where differences between groups exist,law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve their conflicts
B)law reflects the need for social order
C)law is a product of value consensus
D)law is a partial system that protects private interests

Question 16

Group conflict theory was introduced by:

A)Sutherland
B)Cooley
C)Becker
D)Vold

Question 17

Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of conflicting group interests,which includes all of the following types of crimes EXCEPT:

A)crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes
B)crimes arising from labor disputes
C)crimes arising from robbery
D)crimes arising from political protest

Question 18

______,in labeling theory,is the type of minor,infrequent offending people commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders.

A)Looking-glass self
B)Primary deviance
C)Secondary deviance
D)Dramatization of evil

Question 19

Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)criminal justice system
B)victim
C)offender
D)community

Question 20

______,in labeling theory,is the more serious,frequent offending people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders.

A)looking-glass self
B)primary deviance
C)secondary deviance
D)dramatization of evil

Question 21

Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach;emphasizes victim,community,and offender.

Question 22

What three intellectual traditions did peacemaking criminology incorporate?

Question 23

A hiding deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society but elicits no reaction from society.

Question 24

A pure deviant,based on Becker's typology,is an individual who disobeys the rules and is perceived as doing so.

Question 25

Lemert provided a concise,working definition of deviance that was lacking from labeling theory in general.

Question 26

Explain the key features of the consensus view of the law.

Question 27

Left realism contends that previous criminological theories have been incomplete in that they lack one side of the square of crime.

Question 28

Cooley identified the process of obtaining one's self-image through the "eyes of others" as the looking-glass self.

Question 29

The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power.

Question 30

Along with the dramatization of evil,Tannenbaum argues that acts are inherently good or bad.

Question 31

Near the end of the 1950s,the unfair and inequitable treatment of underprivileged individuals in society was becoming a widespread concern for many Americans.

Question 32

Describe the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Question 33

The falsely accused is an individual who disobeys the rules and is perceived by society as doing so. 

Question 34

Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior.

Question 35

Richard Quinney set forth six (6)propositions that described his social reality of crime.Explain four (4)of the six (6)propositions.

Question 36

Explain President Barack Obama's Fair Sentencing Act.

Question 37

The Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 lessened the disparity between mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses.

Question 38

Discuss the policy implications of labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Question 39

The secret deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society,without society reacting to this behavior.

Question 40

The dramatization of evil states that when relatively minor laws are broken,the community tends to dramatize it.

Question 41

There are two (2)basic types of criminological theories: spiritualism and naturalism.Explain these two (2)types and the three (3)types of naturalistic theories.

Question 42

Explain labeling theory and the process one goes through in being labeled by society.Give two (2)examples of individuals who have been labeled and how it has affected their lives.Is labeling an individual an offender a good thing? Why or why not.

Question 43

Discuss the major critiques of labeling theory.

Question 44

The text states that appellate court judges make rulings that have a lasting effect on future cases.What does this mean?

Question 45

Explain Cooley's looking-glass self.

Question 46

Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance.Also explain the sequence of interaction within secondary deviance.

Question 47

Explain retrospective interpretation.

Question 48

What is the dramatization of evil?

Question 49

According to Becker,what are the four (4)types of behaviors related to perceptions of deviance and behavior? Give an example of each.