Deck 7: Victimology,victim Services,and Victim Rights in Canada

Question 1

Which of the following best represents a victim fine surcharge?

A) Police fine individuals who fraudulently pretend to be victims of crime to collect compensation.
B) The court fines an offender as part of his or her criminal sentence.
C) The provincial government sues an offender to help pay for victim service units.
D) The police levy a charge to victims to help re-coup policing costs.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following best represents the key contribution of the World Society of Victimology to date?

A) influencing the recognition by the United Nations that crimes are not just against the state
B) hosting a major international symposium every three years
C) identification and establishment of the Core Rights of Victims in North America
D) offering graduate courses every year for police officers and other front-line workers

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of "secondary victimization"?

A) being victimized again with a year of the initial incident
B) retelling the story of the incident several times with police and court officials
C) trying to Bloom's Remember what the offender looked like
D) staying calm enough to call the police at the time of the incident

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which branch of the criminal justice system is the costliest?

A) corrections
B) police
C) prosecution
D) victim services

Question 5

Which of the following is a tangible victim cost of crime?

A) productivity losses
B) victim services and compensation programs
C) pain and suffering
D) loss of life

Question 6

According to a 2011 report by the Department of Justice,which of the following figures is closest to the total annual cost of harm to crime victims in Canada in 2008?

A) $100 million
B) $1 billion
C) $10 billion
D) $100 billion

Question 7

How frequently are victimization surveys administered in Canada?

A) every year
B) every two years
C) every five years
D) every ten years

Question 8

Which of the following expressions does thisChapter use to refer to victims of crime within the criminal justice system?

A) problems
B) orphans
C) survivors
D) witnesses

Question 9

Within the context of the rights of crime victims,what does the right to reparations refer to?

A) the right to know everything about the offender
B) the right to see the evidence the offender will be presenting in his/her trial defence
C) the right to receive restitution from the offender and/or compensation from the state
D) the right to engage in a reparative justice process in which the victim can confront the offender

Question 10

Which of the following decades marked the beginning of pioneering efforts to address the needs of victims of crime?

A) 1940s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 11

Which of the following is one of the core rights of victims outlined in the textbook?

A) the right to reparations
B) the right to meet with the judge before trial
C) the right to meet privately with the offender
D) the right to address the court

Question 12

According to the General Social Survey,who is most likely to be an adult victim of crime in Canada?

A) an 80-year-old female
B) a 50-year-old male
C) a 40-year-old female
D) a 22-year-old male

Question 13

Which of the following statements best summarizes the effectiveness of the victim surcharge process?

A) it provides the bulk of the funding for all victim services
B) it is not consistently applied by judges
C) it has not been started in Canada as of yet
D) only judges in Manitoba use this process

Question 14

Which of the following does the textbook refer to as the Magna Carta for Victims?

A) the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1983)
B) UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1985)
C) the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights (2014)
D) the US Crime Victim Rights Act (2004)

Question 15

Which of the following was one of the groups responsible for implementing initiatives to address the unique needs of victims?

A) parents of murdered children
B) offenders who expressed remorse
C) judges
D) social service agencies

Question 16

According to victimization surveys in Canada,what percentage of adults report more than one victimization in the past year?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 17

Which of the following does the textbook suggest is partially to blame for the slow progress to attain victim rights in Canada?

A) frequent changes in the Criminal Code
B) reluctance on the part of victims to advocate for change
C) resistance to change within the traditional criminal justice system
D) lack of interest from the general public

Question 18

Which province was the first in Canada to provide compensation to victims of violent crime?

A) Alberta
B) Saskatchewan
C) Ontario
D) Quebec

Question 19

According to a 2011 Department of Justice report,which of the following represents the single largest cost to crime victims in Canada?

A) health care
B) stolen/damaged property
C) victim services and compensation programs
D) emotional pain and suffering

Question 20

Which of the following is a major component of the UN Resolution on the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power of 1985?

A) to implement new standards for interrogating witnesses and offenders
B) to prevent victimization through stricter sentencing guidelines
C) to shift the justice systems from an offender focus to one balancing offenders and the needs of victims
D) to ensure national governments paid for the costs of pain and suffering incurred by victims of crimes

Question 21

Which of the following government policies best represents the term "the prevention dividend"?

A) greater investments in programs that work to prevent crime and criminal behaviour
B) a financial dividend provided by governments to people who take measures to avoid being victimized
C) a private-sector initiative that helps business avoid victimization
D) funding provided to community groups by provincial governments to establish victim services units

Question 22

Which of the following statements best captures the status of police service practices for working with victims of crime?

A) Victim services units have only been established in some police services and there is no systematic data on how many victims are assisted and how effectively.
B) Victim services units have been set up in all police services in Canada,and training of all officers is well established.
C) There is strong relationship between police services and mental health support agencies so most victims are effectively referred to these supports for assistance.
D) Police have become much more effective in dealing with victims and offenders and data supports an improvement in service to both.

Question 23

According to the textbook,a significant shift is needed in the way Canadian police respond to victims of crime.Which of the following is one of the four steps Canadian police need to do in order to reach international standards,as recommended by Waller (2010)?

A) Improve the proportion of victims reporting to police.
B) Establish victim assistance units.
C) Faster response times for 911 calls.
D) More emphasis on a zero tolerance approach to domestic violence by police.

Question 24

What is the trend for Canadian victims reporting their victimization to police?

A) It has been declining.
B) It has been increasing.
C) It has stayed the same.
D) There is insufficient data to determine a trend.

Question 25

Which of the following is a means through which a victim of a crime can seek restitution in Canada?

A) engaging in a personal letter campaign to the chief of police
B) a civil suit brought against the municipal government
C) the wages of a criminal offender are garnished
D) a restorative justice (victim-offender mediation)process

Question 26

According to a Statistics Canada study (Allen,2014)what percentage of adults who were known to be crime victims were treated by victim service providers in Canada?

A) 80%
B) 50%
C) 30%
D) 10%

Question 27

Which of the following is one of the rights spelled out in the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights?

A) the right of the victim for legal standing in a criminal trial
B) the right of the victim to information about the status of the investigation and criminal proceedings
C) the right of the victim to determine the amount of compensation from the offender
D) the right of the victim to have their moving expenses paid for by the offender

Question 28

Your friend is interested in working in a sexual assault crisis centre in Canada.What can you tell her about this work now that you have readChapter 7?

A) The agencies are mainly located in urban areas and they provide effective supports,but the pay is much less than that earned by other justice professionals.
B) There are no agencies available in half of Canadian provinces,a small fee to use the services of the facility is required,and it is difficult to be hired because staff do not leave these excellent jobs.
C) For most agencies care is provided only for those who have first contacted the police to report a crime,so many agencies are closing due to lack of numbers and this is not a productive field to work in.
D) Most services provide care for women and children only,they rarely hire because staff turnover is low,and the quality of life is good because most are rurally located.

Question 29

Which of the following most accurately describes the rights for victims of crime in French courts?

A) They have legal standing in a criminal court and legal standing in civil proceedings.
B) They have legal standing in a criminal court but no legal standing in civil proceedings.
C) They have neither legal standing in a criminal court nor legal standing in civil proceedings.
D) They have legal standing in civil proceedings but no legal standing in a criminal court.

Question 30

According to thisChapter,which is the best way to reduce victimization and the resulting harms and costs?

A) tough on crime legislation
B) more resources for victim service units
C) preventing crime from occurring in the first place
D) more police resources

Question 31

What is the primary goal of most restorative justice programs?

A) reconciliation of the two parties
B) reaching a verdict of guilt or innocence
C) allowing the victim an opportunity to vent emotions
D) punishing the offender

Question 32

What does the Victims Bill of Rights advocate for with regard to victims' right to participation?

A) The opportunity to write new guidelines themselves to be included in judicial practice.
B) The right to provide sentencing guidelines based on personal assessments of harm.
C) The right to convey views about decisions and to present and have a victim impact statement considered.
D) The opportunity to provide direct involvement in the treatment plans of offenders of violent crimes.

Question 33

In which of the following are most victims services units in Canada located?

A) police
B) courts
C) non-government community groups
D) parole and probation agencies

Question 34

According to the textbook,which is a predominant hypothesis as to why Canadian crime victims report their victimization to police at a lower rate compared to victims in other countries?

A) Canadian victims are too busy.
B) Victim services and compensation are not available or well known to Canadian victims.
C) Canadian victims know they have little hope of getting their stolen goods returned by police.
D) Police are notoriously slow to respond to crimes in Canada.

Question 35

Which of the following is the most important contribution that the Stop Now and Plan (SNAP)initiative can make to reduce crime?

A) It teaches children and youth how to access victim services units.
B) It helps children overcome factors that may put them at risk of future criminal behaviour.
C) It helps reduce the opportunity for a crime to occur in a specific time and place.
D) It teaches children and youth how to avoid being victimized in the future.

Question 36

Approximately what percentage of victims of crime who report to the police will see "their" offender convicted?

A) 24%
B) 14%
C) 10%
D) 4%

Question 37

According to the textbook,who are the most common victims and offenders involved in sexual assault cases?

A) common-law spouses
B) students attending the same post-secondary institution
C) residents of the same long-term care facility
D) individuals out at the same bar late at night

Question 38

Which of the following is one of the critiques of the Canadian Victim Bill of Rights?

A) It does not allow victims to access information about their court cases.
B) It does not specify how victims will be protected from future victimization.
C) It does not provide victims access to restitution from the offender.
D) It does not provide victims with the right to participate in criminal justice proceedings that affect them.

Question 39

According to research conducted in Australia and the UK,how do victims feel about restorative justice processes?

A) most victims had not heard of restorative justice
B) they feel that they are ineffective
C) they prefer them to traditional court
D) they prefer them only in property crime cases

Question 40

Which of the following is the most accurate depiction of the office of the federal Ombudsman for Victims when it was established by the Canadian government in 2007?

A) It had a small staff and budget.
B) It had a large staff with a significant budget.
C) It became a model for the rest of the world.
D) It was derided as a useless instrument of the government to protect victim rights.

Question 41

International organizations agree that the needs of victims are best categorized as support,justice,and governance.

Question 42

In general,victims of crime do not have the right to any form of reparations for their losses.

Question 43

Victimization surveys in Canada are conducted annually.

Question 44

Most victims of crime will see "their" offender convicted.

Question 45

In Canada in recent years,the percentage of victims of crime that have reported their victimization to the police has been dropping.

Question 46

Secondary victimization refers to the high likelihood that victims of violence will be victimized in similar incidents within three years.

Question 47

Which of the following most closely represents Waller's proposed amendment to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

A) having victim rights respected and balanced fairly against the rights of the accused and having them heard through participation and representation equal to that of the accused
B) having victim rights respected and balanced fairly against the rights of the accused/offender and having them heard through participation and representation that supersedes the rights of the accused/offender
C) having victim rights respected and having them balanced fairly against the rights of the accused/offender
D) having victim rights listed and respected

Question 48

Many criminologists blame political pressure from victims of crime for the increases in incarceration that politicians have implemented.

Question 49

Which of the following are the four ways to rebalance justice for crime victims as advocated by Waller?

A) model legislation,international collaboration,an amendment to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms,and more research
B) model legislation,an independently funded institute,social science evaluations,and an amendment to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
C) model legislation,international collaboration,an independently funded institute,and increased policing
D) tougher laws,more policing,an independently funded institute,and an amendment to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Question 50

TheChapter refers to victims of crimes as the orphans of the criminal justice system.

Question 51

One of the criticisms of the federal government in Canada in its approach to crime victims is that its ombudsman has an overwhelmingly large staff and a budget that is too costly.

Question 52

A victim fine surcharge is a monetary penalty that can be assessed against convicted criminal offenders to help pay for victim services.

Question 53

One of the criticisms of the Victims Bill of Rights in Canada is that it does not provide sufficient information about the role of police services in providing information to victims of crime.

Question 54

The Canadian Victims Bill of Rights was introduced in 1983 as part of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Question 55

Which of the following best represents the three-pronged approach to reducing victimization called for by the United Nations and other influential bodies?

A) enforcement,community treatment for persons at risk of offending,and prevention
B) increased opportunities,community treatment for persons at risk of offending,and prevention
C) enforcement,prevention,and restitution for victims
D) enforcement,prosecution,and incarceration

Question 56

Canada has truly become an international leader in establishing a comprehensive regime of rights for the victims of crime.

Question 57

In 1967,Alberta became the first province to provide compensation for victims of crime in Canada.

Question 58

Victim impact statements have a significant impact on judicial sentencing decision making.

Question 59

More emphasis on tough penalties for offenders is the best way to reduce the number of victims.

Question 60

Financial loss is the only harm that is considered in relation to the victims of crime.

Question 61

One of the most common reasons cited by Canadians for not reporting victimization to the police is that they didn't feel it was important enough.

Question 62

The most universally recognized mental health issue surrounding victimization is post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 63

Most Canadian police services have well-established 911 policies related to victims that are routinely followed.

Question 64

One of the four steps Waller recommends for Canadian police services to reach international standards is to hold police officers accountable for providing information in a timely manner to victims.

Question 65

In Canada,only a small minority of people victimized by crime utilize victim service facilities.

Question 66

Services for crime victims in Canada lack the integration across sectors of the justice system that those in other countries have.

Question 67

The best way to reduce harm to victims is to prevent victimization in the first place by investing in what we know will reduce crime.

Question 68

Research suggests that offenders are more likely to reoffend if permitted to follow a restorative justice process that involves meeting with the victim.

Question 69

Victims of crime can incur significant medical costs in Canada because the universal health care system does not cover crime-related injuries.

Question 70

Most women who are victims of sexual assault or rape report their victimization to the police.