Deck 2: Heredity and Prenatal Development

Question 1

The probability of having a child with Down's syndrome increases with the age of the parents.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Genotypes reflect both genetic and environmental influences.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Chromosomes contain thousands of segments called:

A) nuclei.
B) nodes.
C) capillaries.
D) genes.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Typical human cells contain 50 chromosomes organized into 25 pairs.

Question 5

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked abnormality.

Question 6

A low sperm count, or lack of sperm, is the most common infertility problem in men.

Question 7

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-positive woman is carrying an Rh-negative fetus.

Question 8

The actual sets of traits that people exhibit are called their genotypes.

Question 9

Amniocentesis is a procedure used in abortion.

Question 10

Sebaceous glands cause a developing organism to grow arms or wings, skin or scales.

Question 11

Polygenic traits are those that are:

A) developed during adolescence.
B) transmitted by the mother.
C) uncommon in humans.
D) determined by several pairs of genes.

Question 12

The field of biology that studies heredity is called:

A) etiology.
B) ecology.
C) genetics.
D) eugenics.

Question 13

Sperm are much larger than ova.

Question 14

Chromosomes are _____ structures found in cells.

A) rod-shaped
B) circular
C) cone-shaped
D) octagonal

Question 15

As women reach the end of their childbearing years, ovulation becomes more regular.

Question 16

Color blindness is a sex-linked abnormality.

Question 17

Dizygotic (DZ) twins run in families.

Question 18

Meiosis is responsible for the production of sperm and ova.

Question 19

Monozygotic (MZ) twins are known as fraternal twins.

Question 20

Which of the following most accurately describes the function of genes?

A) They regulate the development of traits.
B) They prevent foreign particles from entering the body.
C) They work together with lutein to influence development.
D) They transfer oxygen from the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

Question 21

Jill bears the genetic code for Von Willebrand disease, but she has never developed the illness herself. Jill would be considered:​

A) a carrier of the recessive gene that causes the disease.
B) susceptible to the disease after adolescence.
C) an acceptor of the recessive gene that causes the disease.
D) susceptible to the disease at late adulthood.

Question 22

Humans begin life as a single cell that divides repeatedly. This cell is known as a(n):

A) zygote.
B) gonadotrope.
C) embryo.
D) chromaffin.

Question 23

The determination of a child's sex depends on the:​

A) presence of teratogens at the time of conception.
B) sex chromosome received from the mother.
C) presence of teratogens at the time of ovulation.
D) sex chromosome received from the father.

Question 24

In the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which of the following bases combine with thymine?

A) Cytosine
B) Adenine
C) Rhodamine
D) Serine

Question 25

After meiosis, each new cell nucleus contains _____ chromosomes.

A) 46
B) 35
C) 23
D) 12

Question 26

When both of the alleles for a trait, such as hair color, are the same, the person is said to be _____ for that trait.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) homozygous
D) hemizygous

Question 27

Twins that derive from a single zygote that has split into two are called:

A) monozygotic (MZ) twins.
B) non-identical twins.
C) fraternal twins.
D) dizygotic (DZ) twins.

Question 28

Which of the following pairs of bases is present in the rungs of the ladder-like structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A) Cytosine with guanine
B) Rhodamine with biotin
C) Diaminopurine with ribozyme
D) Serine with tyrosine

Question 29

Each member of a pair of genes is termed a(n) _____.

A) allele
B) zygote
C) autosome
D) node

Question 30

If an individual gets a recessive allele for eye color from both parents, the:​

A) gender of the child will determine if that trait is shown.
B) recessive trait will develop in the child.
C) recessive trait will develop 50% of the time.
D) recessive trait will be suppressed and the dominant trait will be expressed.

Question 31

According to a study in the year 2013 by Fellman, the chances of twins:

A) increase when a lady conceives before she is 21.
B) increase with parental age.
C) decrease with the number of times couples have sex before conception.
D) decrease with the use of fertility drugs.

Question 32

The typical sex chromosome pattern for females is _____.

A) XX
B) XYY
C) XY
D) XXY

Question 33

Which of the following happens during mitosis?

A) Strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) break apart.
B) Adenine combines with its appropriate partner, cytosine.
C) Sperm and ova cells are created.
D) 23 chromosomes are created.

Question 34

According to a study in the year 2013 by Fellman, if a woman is a twin, then:

A) she will bear only monozygotic (MZ) twins.
B) the chances of her becoming pregnant decreases.
C) she is likely to be a healthy mother.
D) the chances rise that she will bear twins.

Question 35

According to a study in the year 2013 by Fellman, which of the following is true of fertility drugs?

A) They enhance the chances of multiple births.
B) They stop ova from ripening.
C) They should be taken orally and not injected.
D) They suppress the hormone-secretion process.

Question 36

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) takes the form of a:

A) single spiral.
B) double helix.
C) sphere.
D) cube.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of mutations?

A) Mutations usually occur by chance.
B) Mutations produce sperm and ova cells.
C) Mutations occur through radiation or other environmental influences.
D) Mutations help adenine combine with guanine to form the single spiral structure of deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 38

A human zygote contains _____ pairs of autosomes.

A) 46
B) 44
C) 23
D) 22

Question 39

The typical sex chromosome pattern for males is _____.

A) XX
B) XYY
C) XY
D) XXY

Question 40

When the effects of both alleles are shown, there is said to be:​

A) codominance.
B) preponderance.
C) ascendance.
D) concurrence.

Question 41

Which of the following is a characteristic of supermales?​

A) They are somewhat taller than average.
B) Their facial hair growth is minimal when compared to XXX males.
C) They suffer from gynecomastia.
D) They are typically impotent.

Question 42

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a(n):​

A) sex-linked abnormality.
B) abnormality in the 21st pair of chromosomes.
C) recessive gene.
D) single segment found only on the X chromosome.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of Down's syndrome?​

A) It is usually caused by a defect in the sex chromosomes of an individual.
B) The symptoms of Down's syndrome are similar to those of sickle-cell anemia.
C) It is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) during conception.
D) The probability of having a child with Down's syndrome increases with the age of the parents.

Question 44

Rico is a man who has enlarged breasts and suffers from mild mental retardation. He has a problem learning languages, and his body produces less of the male sex hormone testosterone than normal males. Rico is most likely suffering from:

A) Klinefelter syndrome.
B) Tay-Sachs disease.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Down's syndrome.

Question 45

Which of the following illnesses causes a degeneration of the central nervous system?​

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Turner syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 46

Which of the following is true of menstruation?​

A) During this time, the endometrium is not discharged.
B) During this time, an unfertilized egg is discharged.
C) During this time, a female cannot have sex with her partner.
D) During this time, a fertilized egg undergoes mitosis.

Question 47

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have Tay-Sachs disease?​

A) Avner, a 4-year-old child of Jewish descent
B) Connard, a 55-year-old African American
C) Shaina, a 17-year-old Asian American
D) Mateo, a 20-year-old Hispanic male student

Question 48

Who among the following share 100% of their genes?​

A) Biovular twins
B) Fraternal twins
C) Dizygotic (DZ) twins
D) Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Question 49

Twenty-year-old Jack is extremely tall and has very thick facial hair. Most of his male secondary sex characteristics are also more pronounced than men of his age. In this scenario, Jack is most likely:​

A) an XYY male.
B) to be diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome.
C) an XXY male.
D) to be diagnosed with Down's syndrome.

Question 50

Which of the following is considered a multifactorial problem?​

A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Down's syndrome
C) Diabetes mellitus
D) XYY syndrome

Question 51

Down's syndrome is caused:

A) due to alcohol abuse by the mother at the time of conception.
B) by sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities.
C) by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
D) due to drug abuse by the mother during pregnancy.

Question 52

An individual's _____ reflects both genetic and environmental influences.

A) phenotype
B) chromosome
C) allele
D) genotype

Question 53

The individual who would be most likely to develop sickle-cell anemia is a(n):​

A) European American.
B) Native American.
C) African American.
D) Asian American.

Question 54

Girls with Turner syndrome:​

A) possess more thymine than cytosine.
B) are taller than average.
C) produce little estrogen.
D) are more likely to give birth to twins.

Question 55

According to a study in 2013 by van Gameren-Oosterom, individuals with Down's syndrome:

A) are unlikely to die from cardiovascular problems by middle age.
B) have no specific characteristic features.
C) show deficits in cognitive development.
D) are likely to have only 46 chromosomes.

Question 56

Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome produce:​

A) less estrogen than normal males.
B) less testosterone than normal males.
C) less adenine than normal males.
D) less thymine than normal males.

Question 57

If adopted children show more of a similarity in characteristics to their natural parents than to their adoptive parents, it can be concluded that:

A) the genetic characteristics of the children change over time.
B) heredity is solely responsible for how a child grows.
C) the environment is solely responsible in the development of those characteristics.
D) genetics play a role in the development of those characteristics.

Question 58

According to a survey by Adhikari & Liu in the year 2013, at birth, women have:​

A) close to 100,000 ova.
B) around 300,000 to 400,000 ova.
C) around 100 to 200 ova.
D) only500 ova.

Question 59

According to a study in 2014 by Skakkebaek et al., who among the following is most likely to have gynecomastia?​

A) Jennifer, a dancer, who has Down's syndrome
B) Frank, a teacher, who is diagnosed with XYY syndrome
C) Peter, a fashion designer, who has Klinefelter syndrome
D) Ria, a gym instructor, who is diagnosed with Turner syndrome

Question 60

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a:​

A) chromosomal abnormality.
B) single segment found only on the Y chromosome.
C) recessive gene.
D) decrease in estrogen levels.

Question 61

Distinguish between Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome.

Question 62

The embryo and fetus develop within a protective _________ in the uterus.
A. amniotic sac
B. umbilical cord
C. neural tube
D. embryonic disk

Question 63

_________ is a genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly.
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Hemophilia
C. Lymphoma
D. Huntington's disease

Question 64

Which of the following statements about Rh incompatibility is true?​

A) It occurs during a woman's first pregnancy.
B) It is an untreatable condition that leaves a woman infertile for the rest of her life.
C) It is an abnormality that is transmitted from generation to generation and carried by a sex chromosome.
D) It causes anemia, mental deficiency, or death as a result of antibodies entering the fetal bloodstream.

Question 65

Monozygotic (MZ) twins share _________ percent of their genes.
A. 100
B. 75
C. 50
D. 25

Question 66

How does the amniotic sac protect the embryo and fetus?

Question 67

Dizygotic (DZ) twins share _________ percent of their genes.
A. 100
B. 75
C. 50
D. 25

Question 68

Which of the following is true of a sperm cell?

A) It is significantly larger than an egg cell.
B) It contains two Y chromosomes.
C) It travels randomly inside a woman's reproductive tract.
D) It is one of the smallest types of cells in the body.

Question 69

What were the conclusions of kinship studies?

Question 70

_________ are problems that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental factors.
A. Multifactorial problems
B. Cognitive problems
C. Horizon problems
D. Coronal problems

Question 71

Approximately how many sperm cells are contained in the average ejaculation of semen?​

A) 1
B) 1000
C) 150 million
D) 2.5 billion

Question 72

Thalidomide was marketed in the 1960s as a treatment for:​

A) insomnia and nausea.
B) infertility and impotency.
C) Down's syndrome.
D) Turner Syndrome.

Question 73

How does endometriosis result in infertility?​

Question 74

After mitosis, the genetic code is identical in new cells unless _________ occur through radiation or other environmental influences.
A. reductions
B. expulsions
C. conceptions
D. mutations

Question 75

Before meiosis, a sperm cell:

A) contains 46 chromosomes.
B) contains two X chromosomes.
C) is significantly larger than an egg cell.
D) is more likely to produce a girl than a boy.

Question 76

The _________ is the hollow organ within females in which the embryo and fetus develop.
A. placenta
B. ovum
C. uterus
D. amniotic sac

Question 77

_________ is the process in which the double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) duplicates.
A. Amniocentesis
B. Mitosis
C. Meiosis
D. Mutation

Question 78

_________ is a fatal genetic neurologic disorder whose onset is in middle age.
A. Tay-Sachs disease
B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C. Hemophilia
D. Huntington's disease

Question 79

_________ is self-propulsion.
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Motility
D. Mutation

Question 80

How would one identify a person with Down's syndrome?​