Deck 14: Psychology Advising

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct definition of prejudice

A) A negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members
B) A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members
C) Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group
D) Consideration of individuals for their personal qualities and not their membership in a group

Answer 1

A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members

Question 2

In Juanita's community,girls are not expected to enjoy or excel at mathematics.Juanita's algebra grades drop.By the time she is a high-school junior,she in enrolled only in consumer mathematics courses.Which concept does Juanita's example BEST illustrate

A) cognitive dissonance
B) social identity
C) fundamental attribution error
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 2

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 3

Which of the following is the best definition of prejudice

A) A cognitive belief or expectation about a particular social group.
B) The tendency to dislike people because of their group memberships.
C) A behavior that is harmful to the members of an outgroup.
D) A negative behavioral tendency with respect to the persons who are the object of prejudice.

Answer 3

The tendency to dislike people because of their group memberships.

Question 4

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms.It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening.This is an element of one of the firm's social ________.

A) roles
B) schemas
C) norms
D) attitudes

Question 5

An attitude is a(n):

A) evaluation
B) action
C) feeling
D) belief

Question 6

A social psychologist examines conceptions of attractiveness among an isolated preliterate society in the remote reaches of Papua New Guinea.For which of the following characteristics is the researcher LEAST likely to find a preference among the Papua New Guineans

A) symmetry
B) thinness
C) youthfulness
D) averageness
E) The researcher is equally likely to find a preference for all of these characteristics among the Papua New Guineans, as they are all universally preferred.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct definition of stereotype

A) A negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members
B) A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members
C) Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group
D) Consideration of individuals for their personal qualities and not their membership in a group

Question 8

Which of the following physical characteristics DOES NOT seem to be preferred universally

A) youthfulness
B) symmetry
C) thinness
D) averageness
E) Neither averageness nor thinness is preferred universally.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct definition of discrimination

A) A negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members
B) A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members
C) Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group
D) Consideration of individuals for their personal qualities and not their membership in a group

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the perception of physical attractiveness

A) Unique or distinctive faces are seen as more attractive that more typical ones.
B) A preference for slender bodies is universal.
C) The preference for attractive faces begins to emerge during the elementary school years.
D) None of these statements is true.

Question 11

Barry believes it is wrong to cheat but he ends up cheating on his biology exam.After he cheats he feels a discomfort about this behavior.Barry is experiencing which of the following

A) Negative arousal
B) Self perception
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Emotional the adaptation

Question 12

Dr.Handy studies how other people influence our thoughts,feelings,and actions.Dr.Handy studies ____________ psychology.

A) developmental
B) personality
C) cognitive
D) social

Question 13

Which of the following terms relevant to prejudice and discrimination is correctly matched with the concept of which it is an example

A) stereotype - behavior
B) prejudice - schema
C) discrimination - attitude
D) None of these is correctly matched.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the positive feelings we may experience at a basketball game where our team wins

A) Social roles
B) Self esteem
C) Social identity
D) Social norms

Question 15

"Baby face/You've got the cutest little baby face." Did the writer of this refrain get it right

A) No. Research finds no particular preference for youthful faces.
B) Sort of. The preference for youthful faces in found in Western cultures, but not in other cultures.
C) Sort of. Youthfulness is seen as attractive in a female face, but not in a male face.
D) Yes. A preference for youthful faces appears to be universal.

Question 16

Which term is correctly matched with its definition

A) social norms - the thought processes that help us predict and understand our own behavior and that of others
B) social psychology -the study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions
C) social cognition - the accepted beliefs concerning appropriate behaviors
D) All of these are correctly paired.

Question 17

Research has found that we can form accurate impressions of another individual:

A) within seconds
B) within several hours
C) only gradually, over a long period of time
D) only after we have met the person several times

Question 18

Prejudice is as an evaluation of other people based on their group.Thus,prejudice is best seen as a type of:

A) attitude
B) behavior
C) schema
D) feeling

Question 19

Mr.Muller has an unfavorable view of an offshore drilling moratorium enacted in the wake of a major oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico.A social psychologist would most likely say that Mr.Muller has a(n):

A) attribution for the moratorium
B) schema for the moratorium
C) impression of the moratorium
D) attitude toward the moratorium

Question 20

Self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes by

A) increasing the likelihood that perceivers create subtypes.
B) eliciting stereotype-confirming behavior from others.
C) threatening individual self-esteem.
D) reducing ingroup favoritism.

Question 21

We tend to like people we see again and again: Social psychologists refer to this phenomenon as the effect of ________.

A) attitude comparison
B) role norming
C) assumed similarity
D) mere exposure

Question 22

According to a review by Clark and Lemay (2010),the most important characteristic of a close relationship is:

A) intimacy
B) commitment
C) interdependence
D) responsiveness

Question 23

Which of the following statements is least true regarding interpersonal attraction

A) Physical attractiveness may be the most important factor promoting initial liking in dating situations.
B) Opposites tend to attract.
C) People tend to be more likely to pursue those who they see often.
D) People are more likely to be attracted to those they see as similar.

Question 24

"Probably,he cheated on the test because he is a dishonest person." This is a ____________ attribution.

A) person
B) situation
C) fundamental
D) self-serving

Question 25

Which of the following attributional biases is correctly matched with its definition

A) blame the victim - we overemphasize person factors when explaining the bad fortune of others
B) self-serving bias-we overemphasize situation factors when explaining other people's behavior.
C) fundamental attribution error-we overemphasize person factors in explaining our own positive outcomes
D) None of the above is correctly matched.

Question 26

Which of the following describes the self-serving attributions

A) We overemphasize person factors when explaining the bad fortune of others
B) We overemphasize situation factors when explaining other people's behavior
C) We overemphasize person factors in explaining our own positive outcomes
D) We try learn about the personality of others by observing their behaviors

Question 27

According to your text,scores on the Inclusion of Other in Self Scale (Aron et al.,1992)relate to people's satisfaction with their close relationships and the tendency for couples to stay together.These relationships affirm the scale's:

A) reliability
B) standardization
C) construct validity
D) internal validity

Question 28

Which of the following defines interdependence

A) Relying on the other to meet important goals
B) Caring, warmth, acceptance, and social support
C) Partners display positive affect toward each other
D) Feelings and actions that serve to maintain the relationship

Question 29

Which of the following characteristics of a close relationship is correctly defined

A) interdependence-a sense of trust; unconditional giving and receiving of love
B) commitment-caring, warmth, acceptance, and social support
C) passion-partners display positive affect toward each other
D) intimacy - feelings and actions that serve to maintain the relationship

Question 30

In one study described in your text (Moreland & Beach,1992),a female confederate attended a lecture class 0,5,10,or 15 times during a semester.Later,students indicated whether they recognized the confederate and how much they liked her.In this experiment,the number of times the confederate attended the class is the _________ variable.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) outcome
D) mediating

Question 31

"Birds of a feather flock together." "Opposites attract." Which of these sayings does psychological research most strongly support

A) "Birds of a feather flock together."
B) "Opposites attract."
C) Both about equally
D) Neither

Question 32

In determining the causes of others' behavior,we overemphasize ________ factors; this is the ___________.

A) person; self-serving bias
B) person; fundamental attribution error
C) situational; self-serving bias
D) situational; fundamental attribution error

Question 33

Which of the following describes the fundamental attribution error

A) We overemphasize person factors when explaining the behavior of others
B) We overemphasize situation factors when explaining other people's behavior
C) We overemphasize person factors in explaining our own positive outcomes
D) We try learn about the personality of others by observing their behaviors

Question 34

People who are committed to a close relationship:

A) are less interested in other potential mates
B) are less able to imagine themselves with another partner
C) see their partners as more attractive
D) A, B, and C

Question 35

Based on social psychological research,it appears that familiarity breeds:

A) liking
B) proximity
C) contempt
D) indifference

Question 36

Which of the following defines commitment

A) A sense of trust; unconditional giving and receiving of love
B) Caring, warmth, acceptance, and social support
C) Partners display positive affect toward each other
D) Feelings and actions that serve to maintain the relationship

Question 37

Which of the following describes the causal attribution

A) We overemphasize person factors when explaining the bad fortune of others
B) We overemphasize situation factors when explaining other people's behavior
C) We overemphasize person factors in explaining our own positive outcomes
D) We try learn about the personality of others by observing their behaviors

Question 38

Which of the following defines intimacy

A) A sense of trust; unconditional giving and receiving of love
B) Partners display caring, warmth, acceptance, and social support
C) Partners display positive affect toward each other
D) Feelings and actions that serve to maintain the relationship

Question 39

Which of the following reflect a situational attribution

A) She's dishonest
B) He's lazy
C) The test was very hard
D) She didn't study

Question 40

One makes an attribution when one:

A) forms an evaluation of an object, person, event, or behavior
B) resolves the conflict between two contradictory thoughts
C) is influenced by a persuasive message
D) decides on the causes of an individual's behavior

Question 41

Aronson and Mills (1959)found that an initiation:

A) increased liking for the group.
B) decreased liking for the group.
C) led people to derogate the group
D) lead people to feel positively

Question 42

If you are exhibiting the self-serving bias,which would be your most likely explanation for a poor grade on the test

A) "The professor doesn't know how to teach."
B) "I'm just not very good at this subject."
C) "I didn't study well enough to get a good grade."
D) "In general, I'm not very smart."

Question 43

The foot-in-the-door method of persuasion relies on the process of self-perception.

Question 44

A relatively enduring evaluation of people,events,or objects is termed an ___________.

A) attribution
B) impression
C) appraisal
D) attitude

Question 45

Physical attractiveness may be the most important determinant of our initial liking for someone.

Question 46

The term appraisal is used to refer to the process whereby we judge the causes of our own or other people's behavior.

Question 47

According to cognitive dissonance theory,which of the following individuals would be most likely to rate the same concert as enjoyable

A) someone who was given the tickets by a sibling
B) someone who had low expectations for the concert
C) someone who waited 7 hours in the rain to get tickets
D) someone who decided to go at the last minute

Question 48

Aronson and Mills (1959)conducted a classic study of ___________ during a group initiation process.

A) causal attribution
B) cognitive dissonance
C) social facilitation
D) mere exposure

Question 49

Research has found that when people are in front of an audience their performance improves on easy tasks but gets worse on tasks.One explanation for this is that

A) increased arousal increases the likelihood of the dominant response.
B) increased motivation increases or decreases effort.
C) increased self-efficacy raises or lowers their confidence.
D) increased self-awareness increase or decreases controlled processing.

Question 50

We overestimate situational factors in judging other people's behavior.

Question 51

A magazine publisher asks you to commit to a brief trial subscription.Having committed to the trial subscription,you may be more likely to buy a full year-long subscription.This exemplifies the ___________ persuasion technique.

A) door-in-the-face
B) that's-not-all
C) foot-in-the-mouth
D) foot-in-the-door

Question 52

Social psychologist Leon Festinger is associated with the study of:

A) persuasion techniques
B) cognitive dissonance
C) conformity
D) obedience

Question 53

Our behavior can sometimes drive our attitudes.

Question 54

Some people are good at regulating their behavior to meet the demands of social situations.Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to such individuals

A) These individuals are high in a trait called self-monitoring. Attitudes predict behavior less well for these individuals than for other people.
B) These individuals are high in a trait called self-monitoring. Attitudes predict behavior better for these individuals than for other people.
C) These individuals are high in a trait called self-monitoring. Attitudes predict behavior equally well for these individuals as for other people.
D) These individuals are high in a trait called self-appraisal. Attitudes predict behavior less well for these individuals than for other people.

Question 55

One can form an accurate impression of another person within 30 seconds.

Question 56

Prejudice is to behavior as discrimination is to attitude.

Question 57

If we do well on a test,we say,"I got an A!" If we do poorly,we say,"She gave me an F." This best illustrates:

A) the self-perception effect
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) a diffusion of responsibility
D) the self-serving attributions

Question 58

Which of the following social psychological concepts is potentially MOST relevant to a plausible explanation of the foot-in-the-door effect

A) cognitive dissonance
B) fundamental attribution error
C) catharsis
D) diffusion of responsibility

Question 59

Passion is the most important ingredient of a close relationship.

Question 60

Evaluations of a particular person,behavior,belief,or concept are termed ___________.

Question 61

Prejudice is to discrimination as attitude is to _________.

Question 62

A neighbor asks for a small favor; you agree.The following week,he asks for a larger favor.Having previously agreed to the smaller favor,you are now more likely now to consent to the larger favor than you would be otherwise.Your neighbor has gained your compliance through the _________technique.

Question 63

When we continue to help others because our guilt is relieved when we do so,our helping behavior is maintained through:

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive dissonance punishment
D) the fundamental attribution error reinforcement

Question 64

We tend to like people we see again and again: This is the influence of ________ on liking.

Question 65

Which of the following reasons for helping or failing to help is correctly matched with the type of learning consequence it illustrates

A) We help others because we gain status when we do so. - positive reinforcement
B) We help others because we avoid others' disapproval when we do so - negative punishment
C) We fail to help others because helping takes up time - positive punishment
D) We fail to help others because we are treated rudely rather than appreciatively when we do so - negative reinforcement

Question 66

Your text states that we learn to help by modeling others' helpful behavior.________ learning,associated with the psychologist ___________,may therefore contribute to altruistic behavior.

A) Observational; Kohler
B) Observational; Bandura
C) Latent; Tolman
D) Latent; Bandura

Question 67

Smith et al.(2006)found that about ______% of television programs feature some form of altruism; on average,an altruistic act is shown once every ________ minutes.

A) 65; 20
B) 65; 30
C) 75; 10
D) 75; 20

Question 68

According to Margaret Clark and Edward Lemay,the key feature of a healthy relationship is a sense of __________.

Question 69

Behavior that helps others but that involves some self-sacrifice is termed:

A) altruism
B) compliance
C) catharsis
D) aggression

Question 70

The "Golden Rule" of "doing unto others" reflects the ________ norm.The "Christian duty" of helping others with no expectation of return reflects the __________.

A) social responsibility; reciprocity
B) social responsibility; social altruism
C) reciprocity; social altruism
D) reciprocity; social responsibility

Question 71

Identify and describe two attributional biases.Provide illustrative examples where appropriate.How might your knowledge of these biases improve your ability to think critically and perhaps more accurately about your behavior that of others

Question 72

Identify and describe three of the factors that contribute to one's initial liking for another person.Provide illustrative examples where appropriate

Question 73

Define cognitive dissonance.Review Aronson and Mills' (1959)demonstration of cognitive dissonance in an initiation process being sure to identify the independent and dependent variables in their study.Suggest one real-world example potentially involving cognitive dissonance and indicate at least one way that dissonance may be reduced in the situation you describe

Question 74

Which of the following does the "Golden Rule" of "doing unto others" illustrate

A) The reciprocity norm
B) The social responsibility norm
C) The causal attribution norm
D) Cognitive dissonance

Question 75

Identify three techniques that can be effective in persuading others.Provide examples of their potential use in advertising and sales

Question 76

Dusty earned a PhD at a prestigious university.Despite her parents' help,Dusty credits her educational success to hardiness and resilience,but blames her inability to manage money on the culture of poverty in which she was raised.Dusty reflects an attributional bias known as the __________

Question 77

An unpleasant state of psychological tension called ________ occurs when an individual holds two contradictory thoughts or attitudes.

Question 78

The likelihood that an individual will help someone in an emergency situation is ___________ correlated with the number of other people present.

A) negatively
B) positively
C) not
D) curvilinearly

Question 79

Mrs.Beatty keeps an extremely clean and tidy house.One neighbor says she's compulsive.Mrs.Beatty,though,says that her active family and busy job forces her to stay organized and that she wants to set a good example for her children.These contrasting explanations illustrate the difference between person and _________ attributions.

Question 80

"Help because it is the right thing to do." This is a definition of the

A) reciprocity norm.
B) kin selection phenomenon.
C) social altruism theory.
D) social responsibility norm.