Deck 16: Violence and Revolution

Question 1

Around the world,what is the most common response to serious domestic unrest?

A)uncontrolled civil war
B)assassination
C)military takeover
D)UN diplomatic action

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What was the relationship between the army's intervention against demonstrating World War I veterans and President Hoover's bid for reelection in 1932?

A)National unity stemming from World War I caused Hoover to win the election in a landslide.
B)Public contempt for Hoover's weak control of the army caused Hoover to lose the election in a landslide.
C)Public revulsion at Hoover's treatment of World War I veterans caused him to lose the election by a landslide.
D)Public support for Hoover's decisive leadership caused him to win the election in a landslide.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In many parts of the Middle East,60% of the population is under the age of 30.This demographic fact may be politically significant because countries with high percentages of young people ________.

A)tend to have civil unrest
B)tend to be very liberal on social issues
C)tend to value intellectual concepts such as liberty and freedom of expression
D)tend to reject movements such as the Arab Spring

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Political breakdown creates the conditions necessary for a small group of people,often __________,to take over and create a __________.

A)the political elite; police state
B)the merchant class; new capitalist democracy
C)the military; dictatorship
D)the working class; Marxist revolution

Question 5

What was the main reason that Hubert Humphrey lost the election in 1968?

A)his unwavering support of the Vietnam War
B)his opposition to secret U.S.bombing campaigns in Laos and Cambodia
C)his vocal support of the protestors at the Democratic Convention
D)his ambiguous position on the Vietnam War

Question 6

What did anthropologist Eric R.Wolf argue inspires peasant revolutions around the world?

A)poverty caused by government corruption
B)poverty caused by famine and drought
C)poverty caused by exploitative global corporations
D)poverty caused by the shift from simple subsistence farming to cash crops

Question 7

The conflict between Croatia,Bosnia,and Serbia in the 1990s was primarily __________,resulting in the collapse of Yugoslavia.

A)an Islamic revolution
B)a military takeover
C)a separatist war
D)a coup

Question 8

The Chinese government believes that minor reforms and __________ will prevent discontent from developing into a revolution.

A)economic growth
B)aggressive efforts to reduce pollution
C)middle-class tax cuts
D)charismatic leadership

Question 9

In 1976,South African police opened fire on hundreds of protesters in Soweto who objected to __________.

A)Christian school prayer
B)separate-but-equal public accommodations
C)learning Afrikaans in school
D)enlisting in the military

Question 10

Praetorianism is the tendency to have repeat __________,often due to weak institutions.

A)rigged elections
B)Islamic revolutions
C)economic collapses
D)military takeovers

Question 11

Which of the following would you expect to see in a nation with a highly legitimate government?

A)high rates of street violence
B)politically powerful police unions
C)low numbers of police officers
D)high levels of police brutality to keep citizens in line

Question 12

Before the revolution,what did the white minority government in South Africa believe the black majority would do?

A)start a violent revolution
B)simply obey
C)accept incremental reforms
D)leave South Africa

Question 13

Why did the South African government finally begin a dialogue leading to the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990,among other concessions?

A)The government was running out of the money it needed to fund military actions against black South Africans.
B)The violence between black South Africans and the government was escalating.
C)Great Britain finally decided to allow South Africa to declare independence.
D)Peace deals had been reached between black South Africans and the government by the late 1980s,effectively ending the violence.

Question 14

At the 1968 Democratic Convention,Chicago police attacked __________ protestors and bystanders.

A)Vietnam War
B)feminist
C)civil rights
D)Republican

Question 15

Today,much revolutionary violence is __________ rather than Marxist.

A)fascist
B)Islamist
C)communist
D)capitalist

Question 16

Riots triggered by police brutality and labor strikes against austerity are examples of __________.

A)isolated criminal conduct
B)issue-oriented violence
C)separatist violence
D)coups

Question 17

Political scientists often use __________ to explore options when the actual data may be unavailable or incomplete.

A)think pieces
B)guided visualization
C)theology
D)historical fiction

Question 18

Until the 1960s,political scientists tended to overlook __________.

A)normative ideas about how politics should work
B)nondemocratic regimes
C)government legitimacy
D)violence and upheaval

Question 19

Why can economic growth cause political upheaval in a developing society?

A)Once people see that improvement is possible,they become bitter at their relative deprivation.
B)The newly rich resist the tax hikes needed for continued development.
C)The very poor typically organize a Marxist revolution.
D)The new middle class begins to demand a comprehensive welfare state.

Question 20

Fighting between Arabs and Darfuris in Sudan,Sunni and Shia in Iraq,and Tibetans and Chinese in Tibet are all examples of __________.

A)underground violence
B)primordial violence
C)communist uprisings
D)military coups

Question 21

Teachers,writers,and other intellectuals are often crucial to revolutions because they question the system and articulate __________ visions of the future.

A)apathetic
B)ambivalent
C)idealistic
D)specific

Question 22

Terrorism rarely works,and usually only __________.

A)in addition to severe economic or political pressures
B)against Western governments
C)through guerilla tactics in the jungle
D)when terrorists' demands are extreme

Question 23

Muslim terrorists hate the United States for supporting __________.

A)primordial violence
B)caliphates
C)corrupt and repressive governments
D)jihad

Question 24

Why are intellectuals nearly everywhere discontented with the existing state of affairs?

A)They are highly educated and acquainted with a variety of ideas,some of them utopian.
B)They are elitists and have trouble working with the common people.
C)Negative people tend to be attracted to intellectual occupations.
D)Intellectuals usually support fringe candidates that do not win elections.

Question 25

When the moderate Mohammed Khatami won the Iranian presidency in 1997,his reforms were blocked because real power stayed in the hands of __________.

A)insurgents
B)Muslim liberals
C)the religious elite
D)military leaders

Question 26

What is likely to happen if the people are unhappy with their government,but there is no organization to focus their discontent?

A)They will almost assuredly turn to violence.
B)Not much will happen.
C)The people will organize themselves,but their revolution will likely fail.
D)They will eventually decide to leave the country and start a new life somewhere else.

Question 27

ETA,PKK,PLO,and the Tamil Tigers represent __________.

A)groups seeking terrorism for hire
B)groups seeking a peaceful solution to ethnic conflict
C)groups seeking more meaningful representation in their governments
D)groups seeking their own states

Question 28

During the Vietnam War,what did the Saigon regime and the Americans have in common?

A)They collaborated with Communists.
B)They were much more successful than the earlier French occupation.
C)They lacked legitimacy in the villages.
D)They easily defeated the Vietcong.

Question 29

Which of the following explains why the U.S.government hesitated to support the Arab Spring revolutions?

A)fear of military retaliation from groups still loyal to Saddam Hussein
B)concern that the revolutions would replace bad leaders with even more extremist ones
C)austerity policies that cut funding for regime-change efforts overseas
D)the revelation that the Arab Spring countries were actually in a later stage of revolution than had previously been thought

Question 30

What is sociologist Theda Skocpol's theory on revolutions?

A)Revolutions are usually caused by widespread inequality and hardship.
B)Revolutions primarily bubble up from below.
C)Successful revolutions happen when the government stops even pretending to consider public opinion in its decision making.
D)Successful revolutions happen when the government is caught in a situation it cannot manage.

Question 31

According to Crane Brinton,which of the following happens to intellectuals during "the old regime decays" stage of revolution?

A)Intellectuals are alienated from the regime and begin considering idealistic alternatives.
B)Intellectuals argue that taxes should be raised to pay for an expanded welfare state.
C)Intellectuals are shunned and sometimes even imprisoned.
D)Intellectuals accuse the moderates of compromising too much.

Question 32

According to Crane Briton,what happens during the Thermidor stage of revolution?

A)Extremists take over.
B)Moderates and extremists form parallel governments.
C)The people become exhausted from the revolution and prefer stability.
D)The government calls in troops.

Question 33

Why was jealousy provoked in the Iranian people,despite the booming economy of the early to mid-1970s?

A)Poor Iranians became slightly richer,but they realized that they were still much poorer than the lower classes in Western countries.
B)No one who was not already rich became rich,which made all other classes of society bitter and resentful.
C)Only Iranians with personal connections to the Shah received any benefit from soaring oil prices.
D)Economic growth was uneven,with some getting rich fast and others benefitting little to not at all.

Question 34

A lesson learned from the Vietnam War was that while the occupation or government is impatiently trying to substitute firepower for legitimacy,the insurgency is __________.

A)planting tripwire bomb devices
B)patiently building a network to supplant the regime
C)trying to find the best possible leader for its cause
D)lobbying for international support

Question 35

Why does terrorism rarely work as intended?

A)Terrorists do not have the political skills to lead long-term movements.
B)Civilian deaths usually make the target country even more determined to resist.
C)Terrorist groups tend to run out of money or recruits before they can achieve their goals.
D)Terrorism has become a cliché even among extremists.

Question 36

What are terrorists' main goals?

A)to panic their enemies,to prod their enemies to overreact,and to gain publicity and recruits
B)to destroy as much of their enemies' national economy as possible
C)to kill national leaders
D)to kill their enemies,to gain recruits,and to get the UN to overreact

Question 37

Why isn't it possible to fight terrorism like a war?

A)Terrorism is usually used by people with no history of democracy.
B)Terrorists usually do not have advanced weaponry.
C)Fighting terrorism can create more enemies.
D)Terrorism crosses borders,so it cannot be invaded the way a country can.

Question 38

According to many experts,what could be the only solution to the problem of Islamist terrorism?

A)infiltration of terrorist groups by covert operators
B)permanent military occupation
C)modernization
D)assimilation into Western society

Question 39

What is one sign that a "revolution" is really just a reform?

A)The people are no better off than they were before.
B)The old elites remain in power.
C)Citizens are not rioting in the streets.
D)Dissidents are not in jail.

Question 40

Which of the following would confirm that a genuine revolution has taken place?

A)The regime itself claims it is going through a revolution.
B)The old elites are replaced by new elites.
C)The regime is unable to control enormous street protests and riots.
D)The state media declare a revolution has taken place.

Question 41

What brought about real mass unrest in the Soviet Union?

A)the fall of Soviet-supported communist regimes in Latin America
B)Brezhnev's repressive regime
C)President Reagan's threats of nuclear attack
D)Gorbachev's admission that reforms were needed

Question 42

Islamic terrorism is likely to persist for at least half a century,but no longer.

Question 43

Hannah Arendt pointed out that rage is the fuel of revolution.What is now the greatest cause of rage in developing nations?

A)low education levels
B)environmental devastation
C)economic exploitation by multinational corporations
D)massive corruption

Question 44

Why is the French Revolution still controversial in France more than two centuries later?

A)The revolution began with idealism but ended in dictatorship.
B)The French are still embarrassed that so many people resisted the revolution and believed that "Freedom wears a crown"!
C)Most French believe that the revolutionaries should have negotiated with the aristocracy rather than beheading them.
D)Most French believe that their revolution would have been less bloody if they had more closely followed the example of the American Revolution.

Question 45

Which of the following options best describes countries before and after revolutions?

A)Before: Revolutionary movements are still idealistic and leaders are convinced they will bring about a better society. After: The pressure of leading a country leads to disagreements in the top leadership,and the revolutionary regime fractures.
B)Before: Revolutionary movements are still idealistic and leaders are convinced they will bring about a better society. After: The revolutionary regime discovers it is a lot harder to make an economy work than it thought.
C)Before: Revolutionary movements believe that the people will continue to support the revolutionary leaders after the old regime has been toppled. After: The revolutionary regime discovers that public opinion is fickle,and that people expect fast and constant improvement.
D)Before: Revolutionary movements bomb and assassinate in an effort to overthrow corrupt governments. After: The revolutionary regime almost always finds itself being bombed and in the sights of assassins.

Question 46

"Class antagonism" is a Marxist term for the consequences of relative deprivation.

Question 47

As Russia was losing to Germany in World War II,the tsarist state collapsed,giving Lenin's small Bolshevik party a chance to grab power.

Question 48

The United States generally paid little attention to the plight of poor,inner-city whites until a series of riots took place in the late 1960s.

Question 49

According to Hannah Arendt,why could the American struggle be considered history's only complete revolution?

A)Unlike other struggles,it addressed social justice issues as well as political ones.
B)Unlike other struggles,it was based on an idealistic pursuit of individual freedoms.
C)Unlike other struggles,it ended with the defeat of a mighty superpower.
D)Unlike other struggles,it ended with liberty instead of tyranny.

Question 50

Lenin was a prominent Soviet intellectual.

Question 51

Napoleon and Stalin are examples of __________.

A)tyrants who replaced lesser tyrants
B)pure Marxists
C)theocratic despots
D)largely nonviolent revolutionaries

Question 52

Prior to 9/11,few thought of the prospect of civilian planes being used as missiles to bring down buildings.

Question 53

Terrorism in Northern Ireland was caused by a segment of society who considered the government illegitimate.

Question 54

In practice,reforms are hard to apply to corrupt regimes because the elites in power have much to lose.

Question 55

The Sandinistas' overthrow of Somoza in Nicaragua is an example of a peaceful revolutionary movement.

Question 56

Attempting to correct social injustice,the Dutch Revolution became a bloody mess that ended in dictatorship.

Question 57

What is the crux of radical revolutionary thinking?

A)an economic plan to back up political idealism
B)the belief that it is possible to remake society
C)the belief that violence is an end in itself
D)the willingness to make sacrifices for the greater good

Question 58

Why do some scholars say velvet revolutions are not revolutions at all?

A)They are not ideologically driven.
B)They fail to bring about genuine democracy.
C)They lack the ferocious qualities of violent revolutions.
D)They have only occurred in recent history.

Question 59

By the 1980s,revolutionary systems around the world were __________.

A)collapsing due to economic globalization
B)inspiring more successful revolutions in neighboring countries
C)failing or backing away from their radical ideals
D)becoming even more extremist