Deck 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following is characterized as a negative emotion?

A)joy
B)love
C)enthusiasm
D)anxiety

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of these emotional expressions is/are among a baby's first forms of communication when interacting with his or her parents?

A)speech
B)smiles
C)gestures
D)postures

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Parents who elicit talk about emotions with their toddlers have toddlers who

A)are more likely to share and be helpful.
B)are emotionally withdrawn.
C)have difficulty with their siblings.
D)show early signs of jealousy.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of these is a primary emotion according to Michael Lewis?

A)pride
B)empathy
C)surprise
D)guilt

Question 5

According to your text,Japanese parents

A)encourage their children to laugh and cry.
B)try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.
C)try to help their children cope after experiencing negative emotions.
D)are more expressive in their emotions than non-Latino White parents.

Question 6

Which of the following is characterized as a positive emotion?

A)guilt
B)anxiety
C)enthusiasm
D)anger

Question 7

________ is the most important mechanism that the newborns have for communicating with others.

A)Smiling
B)Gesturing
C)Crying
D)Shouting

Question 8

When the cry of a baby is following a rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry followed by a briefer silence,then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry,then another brief rest before the next cry,it is called the ________ cry.

A)anger
B)colicky
C)pain
D)basic

Question 9

________ is defined as feeling,or affect,that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her,especially in relation to his or her well-being.

A)Perception
B)Emotion
C)Attention
D)Affection

Question 10

The ________ aspect is at the forefront of emotion in infancy.

A)communication
B)motivation
C)personality
D)disposition

Question 11

According to Lewis' classification,________ emotions involve a sense of "me." An example of such an emotion is pride.

A)non-social
B)primary
C)basic
D)self-conscious

Question 12

The ________ cry is triggered by a high-intensity stimulus.

A)hunger
B)anger
C)pain
D)reflexive

Question 13

When mothers who have experienced negative emotions are reunited with their infants,the infants

A)are oblivious to the mother's emotional state.
B)are curious about their mother's emotional state.
C)appear to synchronize with the mother's emotional state.
D)start crying immediately.

Question 14

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

A)embarrassment
B)surprise
C)sadness
D)disgust

Question 15

A(n)________ cry is a sudden long,initial loud cry followed by breath holding.

A)anger
B)pain
C)colicky
D)basic

Question 16

When infants are stressed,they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers

A)are abusive.
B)are neglectful.
C)ignore them.
D)are sensitive.

Question 17

Infant Carolina is more likely to show jealousy-related behaviors when her mother gives attention to

A)a stuffed animal.
B)a book.
C)a lifelike doll.
D)any foreign object.

Question 18

The emotions that appear in the first six months of the human infant's development are known as the ________ emotions.

A)basic
B)primary
C)social
D)self-conscious

Question 19

A basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords is known as the ________ cry.

A)anger
B)pain
C)hunger
D)colicky

Question 20

Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to incite a basic cry?

A)joy
B)high-intensity stimulus
C)amusement
D)hunger

Question 21

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,which of the following dimensions includes attentional focusing and shifting,inhibitory control,perceptual sensitivity,and low-intensity pleasure capabilities?

A)extraversion
B)neuroticism
C)negative affectivity
D)effortful control

Question 22

Which of the following terms refers to an infant's distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves?

A)stranger anxiety
B)social consciousness
C)transition apprehension
D)separation protest

Question 23

A(n)________ child reacts negatively and cries frequently,engages in irregular daily routines,and is slow to accept change.

A)easy
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)inhibited

Question 24

According to research,difficulties in infant soothability at 6 months of age is predictive of

A)a secure attachment at 12 months of age.
B)an insecure attachment at 12 months of age.
C)a tendency to become more autonomous at 2 years of age.
D)greater expression of emotion during adolescence.

Question 25

Children included under which dimension of Rothbart and Bates' classification are easily distressed?

A)effortful control
B)inhibition
C)negative affectivity
D)extraversion

Question 26

Which of the following terms refers to individual differences in behavioral styles,emotions,and characteristic ways of responding?

A)stranger anxiety
B)temperament
C)separation protest
D)social referencing

Question 27

Kagan's inhibited children fall into which category of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates' classification?

A)negative affectivity
B)effortful control
C)shyness
D)surgency

Question 28

Physiological characteristics have been linked with different temperaments.In particular,a(n)________ temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes a high and stable heart rate,a high level of the hormone cortisol,and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

A)inhibited
B)extraverted
C)negative
D)uninhibited

Question 29

Which of the following is the MOST frequent expression of an infant's fear?

A)separation protest
B)transition apprehension
C)stranger anxiety
D)social consciousness

Question 30

According to Bates,the development of effortful control is linked to advances in the ________ lobes of the brain.

A)parietal
B)frontal
C)temporal
D)occipital

Question 31

Kagan's uninhibited children fall into which of the following dimensions of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates' classification?

A)negative affectivity
B)extraversion/surgency
C)shyness
D)effortful control

Question 32

A ________ smile occurs in response to an external stimulus.In the case of a young infant,this stimulus is often a face.

A)superficial
B)social
C)conscious
D)reflexive

Question 33

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,the negative affectivity dimension includes

A)positive anticipation,impulsivity,activity level,and sensation-seeking tendencies.
B)attentional focusing and shifting,inhibitory control,perceptual sensitivity,and low-intensity pleasure conditions.
C)shyness,subdued affect,and timidity factors.
D)fear,frustration,sadness,and discomfort factors.

Question 34

A child who is generally in a positive mood,quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,and adapts easily to new experiences is referred to as a(n)________ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)inhibited
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 35

Which of the following is one of the categories of temperament included in Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament?

A)openness to experience
B)agreeableness
C)neuroticism
D)effortful control

Question 36

________ is critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal.

A)Fear
B)Smiling
C)Anxiety
D)Crying

Question 37

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and usually appears during sleep is known as the ________ smile.

A)reflexive
B)social
C)conscious
D)joyful

Question 38

A child,who has a low activity level,is somewhat negative,and displays a low intensity of mood,is called a(n)________ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)uninhibited
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 39

Which of the following is a part of the brain that plays an important role in fear and inhibition?

A)amygdala
B)cochlea
C)vestibule
D)pinna

Question 40

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,which of the following dimensions includes attentional focusing and shifting,inhibitory control,perceptual sensitivity,and low-intensity pleasure capabilities?

A)extraversion
B)neuroticism
C)negative affectivity
D)effortful control

Question 41

Julia,a 2-year-old girl,looks at her mother for cues when she is offered a toy by a neighbor,in order to decide whether to take it or not.If her mother looks happy,Julia might take the doll,and if her mother has a disapproving facial expression,Julia will not take it.This behavior of Julia's shows that she has developed

A)joint attention.
B)goal-oriented behavior.
C)social referencing.
D)reciprocal socialization.

Question 42

Which of the following helps infants to understand the intentions and goal-oriented behavior of others?

A)individuation
B)attachment
C)joint attention
D)habituation

Question 43

Samuel is 18 months old.He can walk,climb,and open and close a door on his own.He takes pride in all his accomplishments and likes to do things independently.According to Erikson,Samuel is in the ________ stage of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)trust versus mistrust
C)identity versus role confusion
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 44

According to Erik Erikson,the first year of life is characterized by the ________ stage of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 45

By ________ months of age infants respond to people differently from the way they do to objects,showing more positive emotions toward people than inanimate objects such as puppets.

A)2 to 3
B)4 to 5
C)6 to 7
D)8 to 9

Question 46

The physiological pattern associated with an inhibited temperament includes a high and stable heart rate,high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain,and high levels of the hormone

A)oxytocin.
B)vasopressin.
C)cortisol.
D)epinephrine.

Question 47

Erikson describes the second stage of development as the stage of

A)trust versus mistrust.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D)identity versus role confusion.

Question 48

________ occurs when the caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event.

A)Joint attention
B)Habituation
C)Sustained attention
D)Attachment

Question 49

Infant Chloe demonstrates fairly high levels of behavior inhibition.According to the concept of goodness of fit,Chloe will show the greatest adjustment with parents from

A)Canada.
B)the United States.
C)China.
D)Finland.

Question 50

________ is the term used to refer to "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.

A)Joint attention
B)Social referencing
C)Cognitive sensitivity
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 51

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 1 of development,

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and take them into account in forming their actions.

Question 52

John Bowlby,on the basis of ethological evidence,suggested that

A)both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
B)the critical element in the attachment process of infants is constant care and contact comfort.
C)infants' sense of trust developed due to sensitive care is the foundation for attachment.
D)infants become attached to a person who provides oral satisfaction and food.

Question 53

According to Harry Harlow,infants' attachment depends in large part on

A)the facial expressions of the mother.
B)contact comfort.
C)oral satisfaction or food.
D)responsiveness.

Question 54

With reference to Erikson's stages of development,the toddlers who are consistently overprotected by their parents or continuously criticized for accidents develop an excessive sense of

A)autonomy.
B)trust.
C)identity.
D)shame.

Question 55

Twenty-five-month-old Allen is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Allen will most likely

A)touch his nose to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the image of his nose in the mirror to try and wipe the spot off his own nose.
C)touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D)crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 56

The physiological pattern associated with inhibited temperament may be tied to the excitability of the

A)cerebellum.
B)pons.
C)thalamus.
D)amygdala.

Question 57

According to Margaret Mahler,the ________ process involves the development of self.

A)separation
B)individuation
C)rapprochement
D)internalization

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT considered a self-regulatory dimension of temperament?

A)adaptability
B)soothability
C)persistence
D)creativity

Question 59

Which of the following terms refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope?

A)separation protest
B)goodness of fit
C)stranger anxiety
D)effortful control

Question 60

Who among the following psychiatrists argued that the child goes through a separation and then an individuation process,in his or her theory on personality development?

A)Margaret Mahler
B)Erik Erikson
C)John Bowlby
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 61

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification,the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is

A)insecure avoidant.
B)insecure disorganized.
C)insecure resistant.
D)secure attachment.

Question 62

With reference to the Strange Situation,________ babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness,perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 63

Positive mental health,high self-esteem,self-confidence,and socially competent interaction with peers are all associated with the ________ attachment pattern.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disorganized

Question 64

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 4 of development,

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and begin to take them into account in forming their actions.

Question 65

In terms of attachment,social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior include all of the following EXCEPT

A)caregiver face recognition.
B)caregiver voice recognition.
C)an internal working model of expectations about the caregiver.
D)the presence or absence of life-like dolls in the environment.

Question 66

The ________ model focuses on connections between a wide range of biological,cognitive,and socioemotional processes and often includes social contexts as well.

A)developmental cascade
B)all-inclusive developmental
C)developmental triarchic
D)monumental developmental

Question 67

Which of the following factors is MOST likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants in the United States?

A)physical comfort
B)maternal sensitivity
C)social referencing
D)reciprocal socialization

Question 68

Which type of early attachment pattern is MOST strongly linked to externalizing problems such as hostility and aggression?

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disorganized

Question 69

In the Strange Situation,the babies who engage in no interaction with the caregiver and are not distressed when the caregiver leaves the room are described as ________ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 70

Which of the following statements is a major criticism of attachment theory?

A)It acknowledges the importance of the role played by genetic characteristics and temperament in a child's social competence.
B)It emphasizes that infants are highly resilient and adaptive.
C)It ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world.
D)It considers the influence of culture on the nature of attachment in infants.

Question 71

With reference to the Strange Situation,babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance,or display specific behaviors like extreme fearfulness around the caregiver,will be classified as ________ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 72

When baby Jeremy's mother leaves the room,he does not cry.When she returns to the room,Jeremy does not usually reestablish contact with her and sometimes even turns his back on her.According to Mary Ainsworth,Jeremy's attachment to his mother is

A)secure.
B)insecure avoidant.
C)insecure resistant.
D)insecure disorganized.

Question 73

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,when babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father,they are said to be in

A)phase 1.
B)phase 2.
C)phase 3.
D)phase 4.

Question 74

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of

A)self-directed behavior.
B)infant attachment.
C)an infant's response to cues.
D)habituation.

Question 75

With reference to the Strange Situation,when the mother of a securely attached baby leaves the room,the baby

A)will continue to play with toys and may or may not seek out the mother when she returns.
B)will show high distress and be difficult to console until the mother returns.
C)will not show distress.
D)may protest mildly.

Question 76

Infants who are insecurely attached to both parents ("double insecure")at the age of 15 months

A)have more externalizing problems in elementary school years.
B)are often attached to a grandparent.
C)have more positive peer evaluations in preschool.
D)are shorter in stature than their securely attached counterparts.

Question 77

When put on the floor to play,Lillian cries as if she wants to be held.When her mother picks her up,Lillian pushes her away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Lillian is a(n)________ baby.

A)insecure avoidant
B)insecure resistant
C)securely attached
D)insecure disorganized

Question 78

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 2 of development,

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and take them into account in forming their actions.

Question 79

Caregivers of avoidant babies

A)are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants' needs.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them.
D)tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.

Question 80

Caregivers of disorganized babies

A)are sensitive to their signals.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.
D)often neglect or physically abuse them.