Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to young children's self-descriptions?

A)Young children begin by describing themselves in terms of psychological traits.
B)Young children's self-descriptions are realistic descriptions based on actual abilities.
C)Young children first describe themselves in terms of physical and material attributes.
D)Young children's self-descriptions are based on references to their expected abilities in the future,rather than to the abilities they had in the past.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

A)joy
B)fear
C)shame
D)anger

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Sigmund Freud,the ________ is the moral element of the personality that children form when they identify with their parents and internalize their standards of right and wrong.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)archetype

Answer 3

C

Question 4

During early childhood years,self-conscious emotions such as pride and guilt are mainly influenced by

A)hereditary and genetic factors.
B)parents' responses to children's behavior.
C)the moods and preferences of the children.
D)children's sense of fairness and empathy.

Question 5

According to recent research,mothers who expressed a high incidence of positive emotions and a low incidence of negative emotions at home had

A)children who exhibited opposite patterns of emotional expression.
B)children who exhibited similar patterns of emotional expression.
C)spouses who were overly negative in their emotional expression.
D)children who were behind their peers in emotional regulation.

Question 6

When Selena's mother asked her why she was upset,she said it was because her best friend's dog died.The emotion being expressed by Selena is called

A)guilt.
B)empathy.
C)apathy.
D)shame.

Question 7

Parents who take an emotion-dismissing approach to deal with their children's negative emotions

A)view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching them how to handle emotions.
B)assist their children in labeling and dealing effectively with their emotions.
C)believe that their role is to deny,ignore,or change negative emotions in their children.
D)interact with their children in a less rejecting manner.

Question 8

Which of the following is a feature of emotion-coaching parents?

A)denial of the negative emotions experienced by their children
B)encouragement to change negative emotions,as they are unacceptable
C)suppression of the child's experience of negative emotions
D)assistance in labeling and dealing effectively with negative emotions

Question 9

Research by McCoy and Raver suggests that higher levels of caregiver negativity and lower levels of children's emotional regulation were linked to ________ behavior problems.

A)more externalizing
B)fewer externalizing
C)more internalizing
D)fewer internalizing

Question 10

Research by McCoy and Raver suggests that positive emotional expressiveness by caregivers is linked to ________ behavior problems.

A)more externalizing
B)fewer externalizing
C)more internalizing
D)fewer internalizing

Question 11

Improvements in a child's understanding of theory of mind

A)increase their understanding of others.
B)make it more difficult to communicate with the child.
C)tend to increase their level of egocentrism.
D)are related to improvements in their gross motor skills.

Question 12

Lily is 3 years old.Which of the following self-descriptions is Lily most likely to provide when asked to describe herself?

A)"I am quiet,nice,and friendly."
B)"I have brown hair and I have a bicycle."
C)"I like preschool,especially reading,and I am good in art."
D)"I am the daughter of Sam and Renée and the sister of William."

Question 13

Ross Thompson refers to parents who applaud their child's accomplishments,work to repair affective mismatches,and talk with their child about emotions as

A)relational catalysts.
B)occupational therapists.
C)restricted parents.
D)dysfunctional analysts.

Question 14

Erikson's psychological stage associated with early childhood is the stage of

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)trust versus mistrust.
D)intimacy versus isolation.

Question 15

When Ashlyn describes her friend as funny,Ashlyn is describing a ________ trait.

A)physical
B)psychological
C)cognitive
D)moral

Question 16

Which of the following does Susan Harter argue there is still evidence for?

A)Talking with children can help them come to a sophisticated understanding of various mental and emotional states.
B)Children are basically egocentric.
C)Children have low self-concept as a result of parental stress.
D)Children are essentially egocentric.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to television viewing in early childhood?

A)Television is the least influential type of mass media available to young children in the United States.
B)All children viewing violent programs understand the difference between television and reality and do not imitate the violence shown in programs.
C)Television programs can be used to model prosocial behavior,motivate children about education,and give them information about the world at large.
D)Compared with their counterparts in other developed countries,children in the United States watch television for considerably shorter periods.

Question 18

________ refers to a way of responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

A)Embarrassment
B)Pity
C)Apathy
D)Empathy

Question 19

Self-descriptions by young children are unrealistically positive in part because they

A)understand that differences in ability cannot be changed as easily as differences in effort.
B)engage in spontaneous social comparison of their abilities with those of others.
C)can clearly distinguish between their desired competence and their actual competence.
D)tend to compare their present abilities with what they could do at an earlier age.

Question 20

Cognition inhibition,an executive function involved in perspective taking in young children,refers to

A)controlling one's own thoughts to consider the perspective of others.
B)representing the substance and content of one's self-conceptions realistically.
C)evaluating all situations in the identical way irrespective of how different they are.
D)functioning without any internal regulation of standards of right and wrong.

Question 21

A child who operates from the autonomous level of moral reasoning believes

A)that justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world.
B)that justice is unaffected by chance or personal control.
C)in immanent justice.
D)that intentions behind an action are as important as its consequences.

Question 22

The class of hormones that influence the development of female physical sex characteristics are called

A)androgens.
B)estrogens.
C)glucagons.
D)testosterones.

Question 23

Which of the following is a feature of autonomous morality?

A)operation of immanent justice
B)acceptance and openness to a change in rules
C)permanence of justice and rules
D)belief in the inability to alter rules through personal effort

Question 24

Androgens are a class of sex hormones that are secreted by the

A)ovaries.
B)adrenal glands.
C)thalamus.
D)testes.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding children who display heteronomous morality?

A)They accept change and recognize that rules are merely convenient conventions,subject to change.
B)They recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that,even then,punishment is not inevitable.
C)They believe that rules are unchangeable and handed down by all-powerful authorities.
D)They judge actions based on the intentions of the actor rather than on the consequences of the act.

Question 26

Shane,who is 4 years old,had stolen some money lying on the coffee table three days ago.Ever since he stole the money,Shane has been a little gloomy.When Shane's mother informed him that he will not be able to watch his favorite cartoon show,as they were expecting guests that evening,Shane felt he deserved this as punishment for stealing and did not throw a tantrum.Shane's acceptance of his mother's word without a tantrum reflects the operation of ________ in this scenario.

A)distributive justice
B)immanent justice
C)autonomous morality
D)postconventional morality

Question 27

When playing with her cousins,Diane,a 5-year-old girl,gets upset if she is given the role of the army soldier in their make-believe game.Diane always wants to be a field nurse who cares gently for her patients.Which of the following conclusions can be inferred from the information provided in the scenario?

A)Diane engages in a high degree of sensorimotor play.
B)Diane is the oldest among her cousins and siblings.
C)Diane has internalized features of the traditional feminine role.
D)Diane operates from the autonomous morality stage of moral development.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the evolutionary psychology view on gender differences?

A)It states that the psychological differences in males and females are a result of adaptation during evolution.
B)It states that females' contributions to the gene pool were improved when they opted for short-term mates.
C)It incorporates cultural and individual variations in gender differences.
D)It states that females evolved dispositions that favor competition and risk taking.

Question 29

Gender identity is defined as the

A)expectations that prescribe how females or males should think,act,and feel.
B)process of acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
C)sense of one's own gender,including knowledge,understanding,and acceptance of being male or female.
D)genotypic and biological factors that cause differentiation on the basis of gender.

Question 30

Heteronomous morality is characterized by the expectation that,if a rule is broken,punishment will be meted out immediately.This expectation is defined as

A)social contract.
B)law and order morality.
C)immanent justice.
D)universal ethics.

Question 31

Parents can proactively avert potential misbehavior in young children by

A)talking to them about values that they deem important.
B)punishing them for not internalizing the rules and values.
C)ignoring them when they misbehave.
D)distracting their attention or moving them to alternative activities.

Question 32

According to Jean Piaget,children in the age group of ________ are in a transition,showing some features of heteronomous morality and some features of autonomous morality.

A)4 to 7 years
B)7 to 10 years
C)2 to 4 years
D)10 to 15 years

Question 33

Gender ________ refers to the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

A)stability
B)bias
C)differences
D)typing

Question 34

Gender roles are defined as the

A)sense of one's own gender,including knowledge,understanding,and acceptance of being male or female.
B)expectations that prescribe how females or males should think,act,and feel.
C)process of acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
D)genotypic and biological factors that cause differentiation on the basis of gender.

Question 35

According to Jean Piaget,most children aged 4 to 7 are in the ________ stage of moral development.

A)postconventional
B)preoperational
C)heteronomous
D)autonomous

Question 36

Bea does not think she deserves a time out for hitting Arthur,her brother,because she hit him accidentally,even though her mother has a rule than any hitting will result in punishment.She tells her mother that she should be punished only when she intentionally hits Arthur.Bea's explanation for her action reflects the operation of

A)heteronomous morality.
B)autonomous morality.
C)immanent justice.
D)preconventional morality.

Question 37

________ represent the class of sex hormones that promote the development of male sex organs.

A)Estrogens
B)Progesterones
C)Androgens
D)Estradiols

Question 38

In terms of conscience development,children are more likely to internalize the values of their parents when they exhibit a(n)________ attachment.

A)secure
B)insecure avoidant
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 39

Katrina was upset when her brother Emilio attempted to change the rules of the game after they had already begun playing.Katrina yelled at him,"You can't just change the rules of the game because you feel like it-Mom taught us those rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting in this scenario?

A)autonomous morality
B)postconventional morality
C)universal morality
D)heteronomous morality

Question 40

________ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought,feeling,and behavior.

A)Conscience
B)Autonomy
C)Authority
D)Empathy

Question 41

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the influence of gender on peer relations?

A)Girls are more likely than boys to associate together in larger clusters.
B)Girls are more likely than boys to engage in competitive and risk-taking activities.
C)Girls are more likely than boys to engage in collaborative discourse.
D)From 4 to 12 years of age,the preference for playing in same-sex groups decreases.

Question 42

Which of the following represents a cognitive influence on gender typing in early childhood?

A)Electra complex
B)gender schema
C)Oedipus complex
D)natural selection

Question 43

Which of the following undermines the validity of the psychoanalytic theory of gender?

A)The preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
B)Children become gender-typed even when the same-sex parent is not present in the family.
C)Gender typing in children occurs at the stages of the Electra complex for girls and Oedipus complex for boys.
D)The child consciously identifies and adopts the same-sex parent's characteristics.

Question 44

Children who have authoritative parents tend to be

A)unhappy,fearful,and weak with regard to communication skills.
B)cheerful,self-controlled,self-reliant,and achievement-oriented.
C)immature and socially incompetent,and have poor self-control.
D)domineering,egocentric,and noncompliant,and have difficulties in peer relations.

Question 45

Ahmad is 5 years old and he has just been caught watching television when he was supposed to be studying according his father's orders.When his father hears of this incident,he yells at Ahmad,spanks him,and restricts him from watching television for one week.Ahmad's father is displaying a(n)________ parenting style in this scenario.

A)indulgent
B)neglectful
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 46

Sheryl and Larry often tell their children things like,"Sam,you know boys don't play with dolls" or "Nina,you need to settle down and act more like a little lady." Which of the following theories of gender is BEST illustrated in the manner in which Sheryl and Larry speak to their children in this scenario?

A)psycho 1.1 theory
B)social cognitive theory
C)cognitive developmental theory
D)evolutionary theory

Question 47

Which of the following theories of gender holds that gender development is governed by children's attraction to their opposite-sex parent?

A)psychoanalytic theory
B)social cognitive theory
C)cognitive developmental theory
D)social role theory

Question 48

The social role theory of gender was proposed by

A)Erik Erikson.
B)Alice Eagly.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 49

Which of the following parenting styles encourages children's independence while still establishing and enforcing limits?

A)indulgent parenting
B)neglectful parenting
C)authoritarian parenting
D)authoritative parenting

Question 50

Nathan was sent to his room for hitting his sister.Later,Nathan's mother went to his room to talk with him about more acceptable ways in which he can express his anger.Which of the following parenting styles does this scenario exemplify?

A)indulgent parenting
B)neglectful parenting
C)authoritative parenting
D)authoritarian parenting

Question 51

The parenting style in which the parents are uninvolved in their children's life is known as ________ parenting.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 52

Which of the following differentiates between social cognitive theory and gender schema theory?

A)Social cognitive theory represents a biological approach to understanding gender identities,while gender schema theory represents a social approach.
B)Social cognitive theory was proposed by Alice Eagly,while gender schema theory was proposed by Freud.
C)Social cognitive theory uses the concepts of the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex to explain gender typing,while gender schema theory is based on the principle of adaptation,evolution,and natural selection.
D)Social cognitive theory emphasizes the observation and imitation of appropriate gender behaviors,while gender schema theory proposes that children are internally motivated to fulfil their developing gender roles.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the socialization strategies of parents across various cultures?

A)Mothers socialize their sons to be more responsible than their daughters.
B)Fathers engage in more activities with daughters than with sons.
C)Mothers do not place restrictions on the autonomy their daughters enjoy.
D)Fathers put forth more effort to promote sons' intellectual development.

Question 54

According to social role theory,psychological gender differences are a product of

A)evolutionary dispositions inherited at birth.
B)identification with the same-sex parent.
C)the contrasting roles of women and men.
D)sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Question 55

Which of the following is a feature of gender schema theory?

A)adaptation to the contrasting roles of women and men
B)sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent
C)observation,imitation,and reinforcement of appropriate gender behavior by parents
D)internal motivation to act in accordance with gender roles

Question 56

A(n)________ is a cognitive structure,a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions.

A)engram
B)morpheme
C)schema
D)cognitive style

Question 57

Children whose parents are ________ tend to be fearful,be anxious,and have weak communication skills.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)neglectful
D)indulgent

Question 58

Peer influences are likely to

A)reward appropriate gender behavior and overlook any inappropriate gender behavior.
B)have the least impact on gender typing when compared to parental,biological,social,and cognitive influences.
C)exert greater pressure for boys to conform to a traditional male role than for girls to conform to a traditional female role.
D)exert the same effect on children irrespective of gender,age,and sociocultural differences.

Question 59

Which of the following is a common characteristic of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles?

A)parents allowing little verbal exchange
B)parents showing pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior
C)parents placing limits and controls on children's behavior
D)parents being warm and nurturant toward the child

Question 60

Which of the following parenting styles is restrictive and emphasizes obedience and respect for work?

A)indulgent parenting
B)neglectful parenting
C)authoritarian parenting
D)authoritative parenting

Question 61

Parents who are accepting and responsive but undemanding are referred to as ________ parents.

A)authoritarian
B)indulgent
C)neglectful
D)authoritative

Question 62

Which of the following is a potential consequence of corporal punishment?

A)lower levels of aggression in children
B)imitation of "out-of-control" responses to stressful situations
C)increased internalization of moral behaviors
D)higher levels of healthy coping behaviors

Question 63

Which of the following is the MOST common form of child maltreatment?

A)emotional abuse
B)physical abuse
C)child neglect
D)sexual abuse

Question 64

Compared to nonparents,parents report ________ levels of satisfaction with their lives.

A)higher
B)lower
C)unchanged
D)similar

Question 65

The majority of research evidence links ________ parenting with competence on the part of the child across a wide range of ethnic groups,social strata,cultures,and family structures.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)neglectful
D)indulgent

Question 66

Deanna and her friends were discussing their parents after school.Deanna's parents are indulgent.Which of the following statements would MOST likely have been made by her?

A)"My parents are really liberal.They are always there to support me,we go out together pretty often,and they never really try to control what I do."
B)"With my parents,it's always their way or no way.They won't even discuss increasing my allowance a little."
C)"Last week when I didn't get my homework done,my parents had a lengthy discussion with me about how I can handle my schoolwork better the next time."
D)"My parents are always busy.They think everything else in their life is more important than me."

Question 67

Adult outcomes associated with maltreatment as a child include all of the following EXCEPT

A)vision problems.
B)depression.
C)problems with intimacy.
D)career satisfaction.

Question 68

Conclusions from research on child maltreatment have found that

A)no single factor causes maltreatment.
B)it is caused by cultural factors.
C)it is caused by family factors.
D)it is the result of developmental characteristics of the child.

Question 69

Sophie,a student in the second grade,is having trouble doing her math homework.When she was questioned by her teacher Julie about her incomplete homework,Sophie said that her parents do not have time to help her with the homework.After speaking to Sophie's first-grade teacher,Julie discovered that Sophie's parents have not attended any of the parent-teacher meetings held since she joined school.From the information provided in the scenario,it can be inferred that the parenting style Sophie experiences is

A)indulgent.
B)neglectful.
C)authoritarian.
D)authoritative

Question 70

Research by Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor suggests that mild spanking

A)is ultimately linked to detrimental child outcomes.
B)is linked to a broad range of positive outcomes for children.
C)is associated with a lower level of behavioral problems in later childhood.
D)has an equal measure of positive and negative outcomes and is thus an acceptable means of discipline.

Question 71

A research review of 26 studies determined that mild spanking (not severe or predominant use)

A)did not compare unfavorably with alternative discipline practices.
B)showed positive outcomes for children's behavior as adults.
C)resulted in a lower incidence of behavior problems at 5 years old (when the spanking occurred at 3 years old).
D)proved a more effective punishment than the use of time out.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the family characteristics that contribute to child maltreatment?

A)parental stress
B)substance abuse
C)social media
D)single parenting

Question 73

Which of the following is a desirable strategy when handling misbehavior by children?

A)corporal punishment
B)mild spanking
C)time outs
D)power assertion

Question 74

Recent research on parenting practices suggests that all of the following are related to better executive function in preschool children EXCEPT

A)maternal scaffolding.
B)sensitivity.
C)support for autonomy.
D)negative emotional expression.

Question 75

Physical abuse,a type of child maltreatment,

A)includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused,or could cause,serious behavioral,cognitive,or emotional problems.
B)includes fondling a child's genitals,intercourse,incest,rape,sodomy,exhibitionism,and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials.
C)is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching,beating,kicking,biting,burning,shaking,or otherwise physically harming a child.
D)is characterized by failure to provide for the child's basic needs.

Question 76

The support that parents provide each other in jointly raising their child is known as

A)codetermining.
B)fostering.
C)coparenting.
D)coregulation.

Question 77

Which of the following parenting styles involves the dimensions of high acceptance and high responsiveness and low demand and less control?

A)neglectful parenting
B)authoritative parenting
C)indulgent parenting
D)authoritarian parenting

Question 78

Authoritative parenting involves being both

A)accepting/responsive and demanding/controlling.
B)rejecting/unresponsive and demanding/controlling.
C)accepting/responsive and undemanding/uncontrolling.
D)rejecting/unresponsive and undemanding/uncontrolling.

Question 79

Children whose parents are ________ have poor self-control,low self-esteem,are immature,and do not handle independence well.

A)indulgent
B)neglectful
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 80

________ parenting is a parenting style in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them.

A)Authoritative
B)Authoritarian
C)Indulgent
D)Neglectful