Deck 15: Personality in Perspective

Question 1

Allport noted that _____ supplies the raw material of personality,while _____ shapes the material into finished products.

A) health; heredity
B) society; self-actualization
C) genetics; the social environment
D) parental influence; a restricting environment

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is true according to research on the effects of social environment on personality?

A) Personality dimensions of any two cohort birth groups from a particular country are always similar.
B) Becoming a parent is associated with higher levels of marital and life satisfaction.
C) The nature of the workplace has the potential to affect only our overt behavior.
D) Those who see stressful events as an opportunity to learn become more extraverted over time.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Erikson,the formation of _____ identity is influenced by social and historical forces.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) psyche

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_____ believed that environmental factors can either promote or inhibit the innate need for self-actualization.

A) Horney
B) Allport
C) Maslow
D) Cattell

Question 5

According to research on the effects of social environment on personality,_____.

A) Canadians from minority groups with strongest ethnic identities were highest in self-esteem and subjective well-being
B) neuroticism is higher in the northwestern and southwestern states of the United States
C) extraversion was found to be higher in the western regions of the United States
D) children who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods are likely to show adaptive tendencies characterized by high resilience

Question 6

Overwhelming evidence shows that _____ influences virtually every aspect of behavior.

A) heredity
B) the unconscious
C) learning
D) basic anxiety

Question 7

Among the following personality theorists,whose theory has been influenced by genetic factors?

A) Cattell
B) Eysenck
C) Buss and Plomin
D) All of these are correct.

Question 8

In Seligman's terms,people who believe they are in control are _____ rather than _____.

A) rational; irrational
B) restrictive; permissive
C) poor; wealthy
D) optimistic; pessimistic

Question 9

All personality theories discuss _____ that are influential,to some degree,in shaping our personality.

A) people
B) factors
C) predispositions
D) constructs

Question 10

According to research on genetic factors that influence our personality,which of the following statements is true?

A) The traits of the five-factor model were found most consistently in developing countries such as Ethiopia,Lebanon,Malaysia,and Uganda.
B) Personality can be completely explained by heredity.
C) In addition to major dimensions of personality,it has also been noted that common everyday behaviors such as eating habits are influenced by genetics.
D) Studies with twins and non-twin siblings in Germany and Belgium found increasing variability in traits with age from childhood to adulthood.

Question 11

Skinner described personality simply as an accumulation of _____.

A) learned responses
B) archetypes
C) inherited traits
D) personal constructs

Question 12

_____ is known for the ideas of self-efficacy,observational learning,and vicarious reinforcement.

A) Cattell
B) Bandura
C) Seligman
D) Zuckerman

Question 13

Zuckerman's trait of sensation seeking is primarily influenced by:

A) genetic factors.
B) environmental factors.
C) factor analysis.
D) unconscious factors.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about the significance given to social and environmental factors by the personality theorists?

A) Adler suggested that women raised in a matriarchal culture might have higher self-esteem.
B) Horney noted that social environment shapes the raw materials of personality provided by genetics into finished products.
C) Cattell argued that environmental factors ultimately affect all of his 16 personality factors to some extent.
D) Allport's eight stages of psychosocial development are innate,but the environment determines the ways in which they are realized.

Question 15

_____ believed that female inferiority develops from the way girls are treated in a male-dominated culture.

A) Adler
B) Freud
C) Fromm
D) Horney

Question 16

According to several research studies,_____ effects on personality become increasingly important as we advance from childhood to adulthood.

A) environmental
B) genetic
C) physiological
D) superficial

Question 17

Wars and economic recessions can restrict life choices and influence the formation of:

A) self-identity.
B) archetypes.
C) the unconscious.
D) constructs.

Question 18

Which of the following theorists recognized the importance of social environmental factors in shaping personality?

A) Allport
B) Horney
C) Adler
D) All of these are correct.

Question 19

Adler argued that personality is influenced greatly by _____.

A) birth order
B) neurotic needs
C) needs hierarchy
D) self-efficacy

Question 20

The _____ approach,with its emphasis on the impact of heredity,remains a useful and growing area of personality research.

A) environmental
B) construct
C) factor
D) trait

Question 21

Allport considered an infant's relationship with the _____ to be the primary source of affection and security,conditions crucial to later personality development.

A) brother
B) sister
C) father
D) mother

Question 22

According to a study of children in Finland,mothers who had an unfriendly attitude about child rearing raised children who had _____ attitudes at age 15.

A) depressed
B) timid
C) hostile
D) needy

Question 23

In a national longitudinal survey of children ages 3 to 12,no significant problems with self-esteem were found in children when mothers:

A) were single.
B) parented strictly.
C) became volunteers at school.
D) worked outside the home.

Question 24

_____ is beneficial to many aspects of life and is determined by social and environmental factors.

A) Control
B) Change
C) Consistency
D) Conformity

Question 25

_____ wrote from experience about how lack of parental warmth and affection can undermine a child's security and result in feelings of helplessness.

A) Freud
B) Bandura
C) Erikson
D) Horney

Question 26

_____ believed that personality was shaped and fixed by the age of 5.

A) Jung
B) Freud
C) Fromm
D) Horney

Question 27

According to research on the influence of parental factor on personality,parents who were described as more _____ had children who were more competent and mature than children raised by permissive or indifferent parents.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) harsh
D) punitive

Question 28

_____ saw infancy as the major formative period that shapes a child's character.

A) Adler
B) Horney
C) Cattell
D) Maslow

Question 29

In Israel,in studies of children reared in collective child-care arrangements,the primary responsibility for child care in communal settlements is assigned to _____.

A) a grandmother or a grandfather
B) a professional caregiver
C) the father
D) the mother

Question 30

According to the personality theory of _____,in the first two years of life,parents need to satisfy their child's physiological and safety needs,which is prerequisite to the emergence of higher order needs.

A) Skinner
B) Maslow
C) Seligman
D) Zuckerman

Question 31

A longitudinal study in the United States found that adults high in conformity and low in self-direction had parents who were _____ during their childhood.

A) cold and restrictive
B) aggressive and anxious
C) depressed and psychotic
D) extroverted and demonstrative

Question 32

Researchers who subscribe to the primacy of _____ factors in personality tend to minimize or reject the parental effect.

A) learning
B) environmental
C) social
D) genetic

Question 33

Cattell believed _____ was the major formative period for personality development.

A) infancy
B) adolescence
C) young adulthood
D) middle life

Question 34

Which of the following is true about the major controversy that erupted in the late 1990s about the effect parental behaviors have on the child's personality?

A) It was proposed that peers influence a child's personality more than parents do.
B) It was found that a child's personality development is negatively impacted when the parents are not the primary caregivers.
C) It was proposed that the behavior of the parents reflects the behavior of the children and not the other way round.
D) It was found that in individualistic cultures,the style of parenting was changing from authoritarian to authoritative.

Question 35

A review of research between early childhood experiences and adult psychopathology showed that children who grew up to become depressed and anxious adults had:

A) authoritative parents.
B) inadequate parenting.
C) adventurous childhoods.
D) over-affectionate parents.

Question 36

A study of adolescents in Singapore found that those whose parents were _____ had greater confidence in their abilities and were better adjusted socially than those whose parents were _____.

A) externally oriented; internally oriented
B) internally oriented; externally oriented
C) authoritative; authoritarian
D) authoritarian; authoritative

Question 37

Considerable research suggests that _____ from parents can promote a child's autonomy,competence,and self-efficacy.

A) unrestricted freedom
B) inadequate affection
C) criticism
D) praise

Question 38

According to _____,it is the parents' responsibility to supply unconditional positive regard to their children.

A) Rogers
B) Adler
C) Horney
D) Fromm

Question 39

_____ held that a child's relationship with the mother in the first year of life was vital in promoting a trusting attitude.

A) Rogers
B) Erikson
C) Maslow
D) Skinner

Question 40

The first theorist to emphasize parental influences on the formation of personality was:

A) Adler.
B) Jung.
C) Freud.
D) Horney.

Question 41

In a study of 32,000 people ages 21 to 60 conducted over the Internet,conscientiousness and agreeableness _____ through early and middle adulthood.

A) stayed the same
B) increased
C) decreased
D) leveled off

Question 42

Similar to the traits discussed by McCrae and Costa,_____ remain stable and relatively unchanging from about age 30 on.

A) surface traits
B) delayed traits
C) dispositional traits
D) overlapping traits

Question 43

_____ implies the shaping of the self,attaining an identity,and finding a unified purpose in life.

A) Life lesson
B) Life narrative
C) Life review
D) Life challenge

Question 44

_____ argued that we formulate hypotheses about our social world and test them against the reality of our experience.

A) Rogers
B) Maslow
C) Zuckerman
D) Kelly

Question 45

Sigmund Freud introduced us to the world of the:

A) conscious.
B) archetypes.
C) unconscious.
D) source traits.

Question 46

_____ recognized the role of consciousness when he proposed that people have cognitive needs to know and to understand.

A) Maslow
B) Zuckerman
C) Seligman
D) Rotter

Question 47

_____ refer to conscious feelings,plans,goals,and how we feel about the people in our lives.

A) Constructs
B) Personal plans
C) Life instincts
D) Personal concerns

Question 48

There is widespread agreement that _____ exists and is an influence on personality.

A) consciousness
B) unconsciousness
C) psyche
D) libido

Question 49

According to studies of consistency in personality,_____ are consistent over the life span.

A) habits
B) environmental influences
C) learned behaviors
D) traits

Question 50

Which of the following is true of the significance of the consciousness factors in the various personality theories?

A) Adler described humans as conscious,rational beings capable of planning and directing the course of our lives.
B) Freud focused his theory on the conscious or cognitive processes.
C) According to Jung,we are driven completely by the forces that motivate us.
D) The cognitive movement in psychology has established the conscious as the sole determinant of human behavior.

Question 51

Studies confirm that personality _____ as we grow into adolescence and early adulthood.

A) stays the same
B) stagnates
C) changes
D) regresses

Question 52

Which of the following has been found to be true for people who have lost their jobs?

A) They showed significant increases in neuroticism.
B) They showed significant decreases in introversion.
C) Their levels of neuroticism,conscientiousness,and extraversion remained unchanged.
D) Their levels of conscientiousness were similar to those of people who maladapted to such situations.

Question 53

Contemporary researchers focus on unconscious cognitive processes and describe them as more _____ than _____.

A) irrational; illegitimate
B) rational; emotional
C) logical; existential
D) statistical; analytical

Question 54

Who credited people with the ability to learn through example and vicarious reinforcement?

A) Rotter
B) Maslow
C) Bandura
D) Kelly

Question 55

The developmental view of personality holds that _____ remain largely constant,while _____ are subject to change.

A) basic strengths; subliminal perceptions
B) subliminal perceptions; basic strengths
C) dispositional traits; conscious judgments
D) conscious judgments; dispositional traits

Question 56

_____ thought people were primarily rational human beings,governed by a conscious perception of themselves and their world of experience.

A) Allport
B) Maslow
C) Rogers
D) Jung

Question 57

_____ believed that people who are not neurotic will function in a conscious,rational way,aware of and in control of the forces that motivate them.

A) Jung
B) Allport
C) Rogers
D) Maslow

Question 58

Recent research confirms that the _____ is a powerful force,perhaps even more pervasive in its influences than Freud suggested.

A) instinctive drift
B) psyche
C) conscious
D) unconscious

Question 59

Which of the following is true about the unconscious factor that affects the personality?

A) Evidence has been found to support the notion that repression of thoughts and memories occurs at an unconscious level.
B) Abraham Maslow introduced us to the world of the unconscious.
C) Contemporary researchers describe unconscious cognitive processes as more emotional than rational.
D) Rational unconscious remains the latest and least understood factor that affects our personality.

Question 60

As adults,we adjust our _____ to adapt to each stage of life and its differing needs,challenges,and opportunities.

A) self-instinct
B) fantasies
C) archetypes
D) life narrative

Question 61

Whether our genetic predispositions are realized depends on social and environmental conditions,particularly those of childhood.

Question 62

In one study,hostile mothers were found to rear children who did not become hostile.

Question 63

A high degree of control has been related to better coping mechanisms,fewer stress effects,and greater mental and physical strength.

Question 64

According to research,our jobs can influence our personality.

Question 65

In child-rearing studies of more than 15,000 children,significant problems with behavior and self-esteem were found when the mothers took a job outside the home.

Question 66

All the aspects of personality explained by the personality theories are now clear and accessible.

Question 67

In a study called "Mommy and I are one," _____ presentation of certain stimuli influences cognitive as well as emotional responses.

A) suppressive
B) conscious
C) direct
D) subliminal

Question 68

Kelly saw infancy as the major formative period,with the behavior of parents and siblings shaping a child's character.

Question 69

All of the social and environmental forces that shape personality do so by the methods of learning.

Question 70

Research in personality finds that traits are consistent over the life span.

Question 71

According to research,people in Eastern cultures tend to score higher in subjective well-being than people in Western cultures.

Question 72

Horney spoke of the impact of birth order,arguing that personality is influenced by our position in the family relative to our siblings.

Question 73

According to research,the time periods in which we are born can influence our personality.

Question 74

Allport,Erikson,and Cattell believed that it is difficult to change any aspect of personality after the age of 5,similar to what Freud believed.

Question 75

The _____,as Freud envisioned it,remains the least understood factor in personality development.

A) emotional unconscious
B) collective unconscious
C) individual unconscious
D) rational unconscious

Question 76

Control is learned in infancy and early childhood and is fixed for life.

Question 77

It was found that parents can both influence and reflect the behavior of children.

Question 78

Describe the findings of Adler,Horney,Allport,Cattell,and Erikson about the environmental factor that affects personality.

Question 79

The rational unconscious is often referred to as the:

A) non-conscious.
B) psyche.
C) subconscious.
D) preconscious.

Question 80

One method for studying the non-conscious involves _____,in which various stimuli are presented to research participants below their level of conscious awareness.

A) operant conditioning
B) subliminal activation
C) vicarious reinforcement
D) supportive automation