Deck 10: Water and the Electrolytes

Question 1

Approximately what percentage of the adult human body is water?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration?

A)An athlete,exercising in cool weather
B)An elderly woman,just returning from a 4 hour flight
C)A child recovering from diarrhea
D)All are potentially at risk for dehydration

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A water loss of _______ of body weight can impair physical and cognitive performance.

A)1-2%
B)5-7%
C)10%
D)20%

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called:

A)insensible losses.
B)interstitial decreases.
C)transitory losses.
D)undetectable losses.

Question 5

Extracellular fluid does NOT include:

A)blood.
B)lymph.
C)fluid within cells.
D)interstitial fluid.

Question 6

Water found inside cells of the body is called:

A)intercellular fluid.
B)extracellular fluid.
C)intracellular fluid.
D)interstitial fluid.

Question 7

Of the following,the tissue with the lowest water content is:

A)blood.
B)bone.
C)fat.
D)muscle.

Question 8

A reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water is called a(n):

A)exchange reaction.
B)catalysis reaction.
C)hydrolysis reaction.
D)condensation reaction.

Question 9

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of water in regulating body temperature?

A)Water changes temperature slowly,helping to maintain body temperature.
B)When body temperature rises,sweat is produced; this evaporates to cool the body.
C)Low body temperature causes restricted blood flow to the skin to conserve body heat.
D)High body temperature increases blood flow to the kidneys increasing urine production,thus dissipating excess heat.

Question 10

Osmosis requires all of the following EXCEPT:

A)glucose.
B)a selectively permeable membrane.
C)dissolved solutes.
D)water.

Question 11

The function of synovial fluid is to:

A)allow excess heat to escape from the body.
B)lubricate joints.
C)provide a protective cushion around the developing fetus.
D)lubricate the mouth.

Question 12

Water is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract by:

A)active transport.
B)Brownian motion.
C)osmosis.
D)endocytosis.

Question 13

The shrinking of a strawberry from water loss after being sprinkled with sugar is an example of:

A)condensation.
B)osmosis.
C)alkalosis.
D)diffusion.

Question 14

The normal pH of the body fluids of 7.4 is considered:

A)slightly basic.
B)slightly acidic.
C)very basic.
D)very acidic.

Question 15

The role of water in urine is:

A)as a transport medium.
B)to provide a medium for chemical reactions.
C)to detoxify.
D)to maintain acid base balance.

Question 16

Water is polar because:

A)it is an ion.
B)the electrons are equally shared among the O and H atoms.
C)the electrons spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms.
D)the electrons spend more time around the H atoms than the O atom.

Question 17

Most body water comes from:

A)moisture absorbed through the skin.
B)fluids we drink.
C)the food we eat.
D)metabolism.

Question 18

When table salt is dissolved in water,the sodium and chloride ions:

A)form a covalent bond.
B)dissociate.
C)form an ionic bond.
D)associate.

Question 19

Drinking plain water after a long period of excessive sweating can do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)dilute the sodium in the blood.
B)cause water toxicity.
C)result in nausea,muscle cramps and confusion.
D)increase potassium in the blood causing high blood pressure.

Question 20

Positively and negatively charged ions in water are called:

A)solvents.
B)non-polar.
C)electrolytes.
D)inert.

Question 21

Kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout.He should consume a minimum of ________ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid.

A)0.5
B)1
C)1.5
D)2

Question 22

The human diet has:

A)always been high in salt.
B)historically been higher in potassium and lower in sodium than at present.
C)historically been lower in both sodium and potassium than at present.
D)historically been higher in both sodium and potassium than at present.

Question 23

Fluid requirements for infants are proportionately greater than those for adults because:

A)infants have less surface area for evaporation.
B)infants are more active than adults.
C)infants weigh less than adults.
D)infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine.

Question 24

Sodium,chloride,and potassium in cells and body fluids are examples of:

A)phytates.
B)electrolytes.
C)condensates.
D)solvents.

Question 25

The UL for sodium intake is _______ mg/day.

A)1000
B)1850
C)2300
D)One has not been established

Question 26

Salt is added to processed food for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)to balance potassium content.
B)to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
C)to enhance flavor.
D)as a preservative.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding maintenance of electrolyte concentrations across cell membranes?

A)The sodium potassium ATPase is a key player.
B)The process involves an active transport system.
C)The input of large amounts of energy is required.
D)Depolarization of cell membranes is necessary.

Question 28

Which statement concerning electrolyte imbalance is true?

A)It can cause sudden heart failure.
B)It can occur in anorexia nervosa.
C)It can disturb acid base balance.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 29

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in an increased need for water?

A)High potassium intake
B)A low-calorie diet
C)Consuming many high protein foods
D)Lactation

Question 30

Which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream?

A)Angiotensinogen
B)Antidiuretic hormone
C)Calcitonin
D)Adrenal hormone

Question 31

An electrical charge or membrane potential exists across nerve cell membranes because:

A)the membrane is permeable to sodium ions.
B)the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in.
C)the membrane is impermeable to all ions.
D)water can flow freely across the membrane.

Question 32

The AI for potassium intake is:

A)similar to that for sodium.
B)not established.
C)>2x than that of sodium.
D)less than 20% of that for sodium.

Question 33

Most of the salt consumed by Americans is:

A)found naturally in food.
B)added during home preparation.
C)added at the table.
D)added to food during processing and manufacturing.

Question 34

Electrolyte deficiency most likely occurs:

A)when people don't choose foods carefully.
B)when losses are extreme.
C)when fewer than 8 glasses of water are consumed per day.
D)as a result of decongestant medications.

Question 35

When a nerve cell depolarizes,all of the following occur EXCEPT:

A)an electrical current is generated.
B)it causes a muscle contraction.
C)permeability of the cell membrane to sodium changes.
D)a nerve impulse is sent.

Question 36

All of the following occur when the concentration of sodium in the blood rises EXCEPT:

A)renin is released.
B)water moves into the blood.
C)blood pressure rises.
D)blood volume rises.

Question 37

Which property makes water a good solvent?

A)Covalent nature
C)Electroneutrality
C)Hydrophobicity
D)Polarity

Question 38

The hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys is:

A)aldosterone.
B)renin.
C)angiotensin.
D)adrenaline.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about intestinal absorption of sodium,chloride and potassium from the diet is true?

A)They are readily absorbed.
B)Absorption is regulated according to body needs.
C)Sodium absorption is tightly regulated,while chloride and potassium absorption is largely unregulated.
D)Minor changes in intake from day to day can upset normal homeostasis.

Question 40

Which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium in the body?

A)Sodium is primarily intracellular; potassium is primarily extracellular.
B)Sodium and potassium are primarily extracellular.
C)Sodium and potassium are primarily intracellular.
D)Sodium is primarily extracellular; potassium is primarily intracellular.

Question 41

Good sources of potassium include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)tomatoes.
B)bananas.
C)snack crackers.
D)potatoes.

Question 42

The risk of hypertension is lowest for which of the following groups?

A)Non-hispanic whites
B)Diabetics
C)Obese individuals
D)African Americans

Question 43

The best source of potassium per calorie comes from:

A)fruits and vegetables.
B)whole grains.
C)lean protein.
D)low-fat dairy.

Question 44

Which of the following acts to increase blood pressure?

A)Angiotensin II
B)Calcitonin
C)Estrogen
D)Parathyroid hormone

Question 45

High blood pressure results in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)an increased diabetes risk.
B)weakening of and damage to artery walls.
C)the heart working harder.
D)an increased risk of stroke.

Question 46

Nerve conduction and muscle contraction depend on which minerals?

A)Chloride & potassium
B)Phosphorous & calcium
C)Sodium & fluoride
D)Sodium & potassium

Question 47

Which organ is responsible for regulating sodium and chloride concentrations in the body?

A)Brain
B)Kidneys
C)Liver
D)Pancreas

Question 48

The DASH diet is:

A)high in calcium and magnesium while low in sodium and potassium.
B)high is sodium while low in calcium,magnesium and potassium.
C)high in potassium,calcium and magnesium while low in sodium.
D)high in sodium and potassium while low in calcium and magnesium.

Question 49

Healthy blood pressure is defined as ___________________ mm of mercury.

A)≤ 120/80
B)≤ 140/90
C)≤ 160/100
D)between 120/80 and 140/90

Question 50

Diets high in sodium have been linked to _____________ in some people.

A)diabetes
B)cancer
C)hypertension
D)All of these

Question 51

The DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension)diet is best characterized by:

A)high intake of fruits and vegetables,but no dairy foods.
B)plenty of fruits,vegetables & whole grains,with lean protein and low-fat dairy foods.
C)abundant whole & refined grains and high-protein foods,but low in dairy.
D)plenty of high-protein and dairy foods.

Question 52

Which is LEAST likely to be implicated as a contributor to hypertension?

A)High levels of carbonated beverage consumption
B)Stress
C)Heavy alcohol consumption
D)Lack of physical activity

Question 53

In most people,hypertension results from:

A)no obvious external cause.
B)diabetes.
C)kidney disease.
D)atherosclerosis.

Question 54

In the United States,the typical diet is high in _______ and low in ________.

A)sodium; potassium and chloride
B)sodium; phosphorous
C)iron; potassium
D)sodium and chloride; potassium

Question 55

Hypertension is very common,affecting _____ of adults in the U.S.

A)1/10
B)1/4
C)1/3
D)1/2

Question 56

All of the following are ways to reduce sodium intake in your diet EXCEPT:

A)replacing processed foods with unprocessed foods.
B)choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables.
C)choosing roasted turkey rather than bologna.
D)preparing your meals at home.