Question 1

The nurse is providing information to a patient recently prescribed entacapone.Which statement is correct?&#10;A)This medication is not to be taken with carbidopa levodopa.&#10;B)Dosage is adjusted according to the patient's response.&#10;C)There will be fewer incidences of dopaminergic effects, such as confusion.&#10;D)This medication increases the production of dopamine in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Dosage must be adjusted according to the patient's response and tolerance.Entacapone may be added to carbidopa levodopa therapy to prolong the activity of the dopamine by slowing its rate of metabolism.Entacapone may increase the adverse dopaminergic effects of levodopa.Entacapone does not increase the production of dopamine in the brain.

Question 2

Which vitamin will reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa? A)A B)B₆ C)C D)D

Accepted Answer

Pyridoxine (vitamin B₆) will reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa in oral doses of 5 to 10 mg or more.Generally, diets typically have less than 1 mg of vitamin B₆ and therefore are not restricted.The ingredients in multivitamins, however, must be assessed.Vitamins A, C, and D do not affect therapy with levodopa.

Question 3

What is the pharmacologic action of entacapone, a potent catechol O methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor?&#10;A)Slows the deterioration of dopaminergic nerve cells&#10;B)Inhibits the relative excess of dopaminergic activity&#10;C)Reduces the destruction of dopamine in peripheral tissues&#10;D)Enhances the cholinergic symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Accepted Answer

Entacapone, a COMT inhibitor, reduces dopamine destruction in peripheral tissues.This significantly increases the amount of dopamine available to reach the brain.Entacapone, when used with carbidopa levodopa therapy, results in more constant dopaminergic stimulation.Entacapone is not effective when used alone.Entacapone does not affect the nerve cells, but blocks enzymes that break down levodopa.Parkinson's disease is characterized by a relative deficit of dopaminergic activity.Entacapone does not affect cholinergic symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Question 4

What is the rationale for administering levodopa instead of dopamine for treatment of Parkinson's disease?&#10;A)Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier when administered orally.&#10;B)Levodopa is much less expensive.&#10;C)The half life of dopamine is too short.&#10;D)Dopamine has too many reactions with other medications.

Accepted Answer

When administered orally, dopamine does not enter the brain.Levodopa does cross into the brain and is metabolized into dopamine.Dopamine is not available as an oral medication.The half life of levodopa is approximately 50 minutes; the half life of dopamine is approximately 4 days.Dopamine does not react with medications.

Question 5

The nurse is teaching a patient with Parkinson's disease about levodopa.Which statement by the nurse is accurate regarding drug administration?&#10;A)&#34;Take this medication in between meals.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;Take this medication at bedtime to prevent dizziness.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;Take this medication when your tremors get worse.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;Take this medication with food or antacids to reduce GI upset.&#34;

Accepted Answer

Levodopa causes nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.Therefore, administration should be in divided doses with food or antacids to decrease gastrointestinal (GI) irritation.Levodopa should be taken with food.Levodopa must be taken on a regular schedule as prescribed to provide therapeutic results.

Question 6

A patient taking rasagiline is assessed by the nurse to have a lasting significant increase in blood pressure.When reviewing the patient's current list of medications, the nurse decides to hold the next dose of:

A)dextromethorphan.
B)levodopa.
C)ciprofloxacin.
D)Valium.

Accepted Answer

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that inhibits the metabolism of rasagiline, significantly raising rasagiline serum levels and potentially causing significant hypertension.Dextromethorphan, levodopa, and Valium are not related to significant hypertensive changes when used in conjunction with rasagiline.

Question 7

Which adverse effects associated with levodopa therapy would support the nursing diagnosis Risk for injury?&#10;A)Nausea and vomiting&#10;B)Orthostatic hypotension&#10;C)Anorexia and depression&#10;D)Tachycardia and palpitations

Accepted Answer

When initiating levodopa therapy, orthostatic hypotension may occur.Although generally mild, patients may experience dizziness and weakness.Symptoms usually resolve within 1 or 2 weeks once tolerance is developed to the levodopa therapy.Orthostatic hypotension increases the risk for injury in Parkinson's patients because they are also experiencing alterations in gait patterns.Although nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and depression are adverse effects of levodopa, they do not contribute to a risk for falling.Tachycardia and palpitations are not common adverse effects of levodopa.

Question 8

When a patient taking a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor receives his dietary tray, the nurse knows to remove the:&#10;A)cheese.&#10;B)eggs.&#10;C)bread.&#10;D)coffee.

Accepted Answer

Patients taking monoamine oxidase B inhibitors should avoid food and beverages with a high tyramine content, such as cheeses.Eggs, bread, and coffee do not have a high tyramine content.

Question 9

The nurse is assessing an older patient with Parkinson's disease who was started on entacapone 1 week ago.The patient has a history of coronary artery disease and takes an antihypertensive and aspirin.Which information would support the need for a reduction in medication dosage by the health care provider?

A)Constipation
B)Brownish orange urine
C)Drowsiness
D)Dizziness

Accepted Answer

Dizziness is a symptom of orthostatic hypotension; dosages may need to be altered.Constipation is an expected adverse effect of this medication.Brownish orange urine is an expected adverse effect of this medication.Drowsiness is an expected adverse effect that occurs when therapy is initiated.

Question 10

Dopamine agonists have been linked with which adverse effects in patients with Parkinson's disease?&#10;A)Oculogyric crisis&#10;B)Tardive dyskinesia&#10;C)Sudden sleep events&#10;D)Akathisia

Accepted Answer

Sleep episodes have been reported with the dopamine agonists bromocriptine, pergolide, pramipexole, and ropinirole.These are described as "sleep attacks," including daytime sleep.Oculogyric crisis is an adverse effect of neuroleptic drugs such as phenothiazines.Tardive dyskinesia is a dystonic adverse effect of neuroleptic drugs such as phenothiazines.Akathisia, associated with neuroleptic drugs used in the treatment of mental disorders, is characterized by motor restlessness accompanied by increased nervous or restless movement.The syndrome may also occur when anti Parkinson drugs are reduced or discontinued.

Question 11

The nurse is preparing to begin administration of apomorphine to a patient.Before administering, the nurse will perform a baseline assessment of the patient's: (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)mobility.&#10;B)orientation.&#10;C)intellectual ability.&#10;D)alertness.&#10;E)vital signs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nurse is preparing to begin administration...

Question 12

What point(s) should be included when teaching a patient about the use of apomorphine for treatment of Parkinson's disease? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)The restoration of function resulting from stimulation of dopamine receptors is permanent.&#10;B)Apomorphine may be administered intravenously for rapid relief.&#10;C)Apomorphine does not have any opioid activity.&#10;D)A multidose injector pen is commonly used to administer apomorphine.&#10;E)You may experience nausea and vomiting, which can be treated with trimethobenzamide (Tigan).&#10;F)You may experience sleep attacks or episodes of daytime sleepiness.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What point(s) should be included when teaching...

Question 13

Which cholinergic symptoms of Parkinson's disease are reduced with anticholinergic drugs?&#10;A)Cognitive impairments&#10;B)Rigidity&#10;C)Tremors and drooling&#10;D)Postural abnormalities

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which cholinergic symptoms of Parkinson's disease are...

Question 14

The nurse is providing education to a patient recently placed on selegiline disintegrating tablets.Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?&#10;A)&#34;This medication will help slow the development of symptoms.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;I will place the tablet on my tongue before breakfast.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;I may need to use a stool softener for constipation.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;I should not push the tablet through the foil.&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nurse is providing education to a...

Question 15

Parkinson's disease has which characteristic symptom(s)? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)Muscle tremors&#10;B)Posture alterations&#10;C)Muscle flaccidity&#10;D)Tachycardia&#10;E)Slow body movement

Accepted Answer

The answer of Parkinson's disease has which characteristic symptom(s)? (Select...

Deck 15: Drugs Used for Parkinsons Disease