Deck 13: Leadership Across Cultures

Question 1

There is some evidence that paternalistic leadership is still a common leadership approach in greater China, stemming from Confucian ideology.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: There is some evidence that paternalistic leadership is still a common leadership approach in greater China, stemming from Confucian ideology, which is founded on social relations, such as "benevolent leader with loyal minister" and "kind father with filial son."

Question 2

A Theory Z manager believes that, by their nature, people do not like to work and will avoid it whenever possible.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: A Theory X manager believes that people are basically lazy and that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get them to work. The specific philosophical assumptions of Theory X managers or leaders are: 1. By their very nature, people do not like to work and will avoid it whenever possible.

Question 3

A Theory X manager believes that under the right conditions, people not only will work hard but seek increased responsibility and challenge.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: A Theory Y manager believes that under the right conditions people will not only work hard but will seek increased responsibility and challenge.

Question 4

The limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives is referred to as variety amplification.

Question 5

A Theory Y manager believes that under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but also to seek responsibility.

Question 6

Bass discovered that there was far more universalism in leadership that had been believed previously.

Question 7

Paternalistic leadership is common throughout Latin America.

Question 8

Romero found that Mexican managers who worked close to the U.S.border exhibited more participative behavior, and that trend enhanced as globalization increased.

Question 9

Responsible global leadership encompasses value-based leadership, ethical decision-making, and quality stakeholder relationships.

Question 10

Participative leadership is the use of both a work-centered and a people-centered approach.

Question 11

Paternalistic leadership is the use of work-centered behavior that is designed to ensure task accomplishment.

Question 12

A leader who monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur is referred to as a contingent reward leader.

Question 13

The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal is referred to as motivation.

Question 14

A Theory Y manager believes that under conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potential of the average human being is only partially tapped.

Question 15

Theory Z leadership combines Japanese and U.S.assumptions and approaches to leadership.

Question 16

British managers tend to use a highly autocratic approach to leadership.

Question 17

Paternalistic leadership uses work-centered behavior coupled with protective employee-centered concern.

Question 18

According to the GLOBE study, humane-oriented leadership is independent and individualistic.

Question 19

Japan is well known for its paternalistic approach to leadership.

Question 20

Recent findings from a leadership study in India showed that participative leadership might be more common and more effective in developing countries than has been reported previously.

Question 21

These leaders expect everyone to work hard; in turn, the employees will be guaranteed employment and given security benefits such as medical and retirement programs.

A)Participative
B)Paternalistic
C)Autocratic
D)Authoritarian

Question 22

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory Y management except:

A)The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting or playing
B)Commitment to objectives is determined by the rewards that are associated with their achievement
C)The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely distributed throughout the population
D)The primary need of employees is job security

Question 23

Which of the following leadership behaviors motivates employees by consulting with them, encouraging joint decisions, or delegating responsibilities?

A)Participative
B)Paternalistic
C)Autocratic
D)Authoritarian

Question 24

A _____ manager believes that people are basically lazy and that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get them to work.

A)Theory Z
B)Theory X
C)Theory A
D)Theory Y

Question 25

Usually, this leadership behavior satisfies some employee needs and in turn subordinates tend to exhibit loyalty and compliance.

A)Participative
B)Authoritarian
C)Paternalistic
D)Autocratic

Question 26

The focus of attention of this leadership style usually is on work progress, work procedures, and roadblocks that are preventing goal attainment.

A)Participative
B)Authoritarian
C)Paternalistic
D)Laissez-faire

Question 27

Some believe that _____ are born, but _____ can be shaped.

A)Leaders; managers
B)Managers; directors
C)Directors; controllers
D)Managers; leaders

Question 28

U.S.managers believe that to motivate workers, it is necessary to satisfy their:

A)Higher-order needs
B)Safety needs
C)Lower-order needs
D)Physiological needs

Question 29

Identify the leadership style that is best summarized by the statement, "Work hard and the company will take care of you."

A)Autocratic
B)Authoritarian
C)Participative
D)Paternalistic

Question 30

Leader behaviors can be translated into three commonly recognized styles.These are:

A)Autocratic, suppressive, and cooperative
B)Authoritarian, paternalistic, and participative
C)Suppressive, paternalistic, and team-oriented
D)Cooperative, team-oriented and participative

Question 31

The leadership scholar that coined the terms "Theory X" and "Theory Y" management was:

A)Robert Blake
B)William Ouchi
C)Sheila Puffer
D)Douglas McGregor

Question 32

Authoritarian leadership has all of the following characteristics except:

A)It typically involves the use of one-way communication from manager to subordinate.
B)There is a managerial tendency toward a lack of involvement with subordinates.
C)It is widely used by Theory Y managers.
D)It is often effective in handling a crisis.

Question 33

This leadership style is widely used by Theory X managers, who believe that final decisions should be in the hands of the higher-level employees and that a continued focus on the task is compatible with the kind of people they are dealing with.

A)Authoritarian
B)Suppressive
C)Paternalistic
D)Laissez-faire

Question 34

_____ leaders typically encourage their people to play an active role in assuming control of their work, and authority usually is highly decentralized.

A)Suppressive
B)Autocratic
C)Participative
D)Team-oriented

Question 35

This type of leadership behavior has been shown to have a positive impact on employees' attitudes in collectivistic cultures because the care, support, and protection provided by these leaders may address employees' need for frequent contact and close personal relationships.

A)Participative
B)Paternalistic
C)Authoritarian
D)Autocratic

Question 36

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory X management except:

A)To get people to attain organizational objectives, it is necessary to use coercion, control, and threats of punishment
B)Workers have little ambition, try to avoid responsibility, and like to be directed
C)The primary need of employees is job security
D)The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting

Question 37

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory Z management except:

A)People are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be part of a greater whole-the organization in which they work.
B)People are motivated by financial rewards, but not by job security.
C)Employees seek out responsibility and look for opportunities to advance in an organization.
D)Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to the broader goals of the organization.

Question 38

According to this theory, a great deal of creative potential basically goes untapped and if these abilities can be tapped, workers will provide much higher quantity and quality of output.

A)Theory X
B)Theory Z
C)Theory Y
D)Theory A

Question 39

This manager believes that, if people are committed to the goals, they will exercise self-direction and self-control.

A)Theory X
B)Theory Z
C)Theory Y
D)Theory A

Question 40

Which type of leadership is popular in many technologically advanced countries?

A)Paternalistic
B)Authoritarian
C)Autocratic
D)Participative

Question 41

French and German managers tend to use work-centered and _____ approach to leadership.

A)Authoritarian
B)Autocratic
C)Paternalistic
D)Participative

Question 42

According to Bass, the most effective leaders were characterized by four interrelated factors.These are:

A)Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration
B)Nurturing personality, creative mindset, willingness to give recognition, and intellectual stimulation
C)High self-esteem, outgoing personality, inspirational motivation, and willingness to give recognition
D)Internal locus of control, outgoing personality, individualized consideration, and nurturing personality

Question 43

British managers tend to use a highly _____ leadership approach.

A)Authoritarian
B)Participative
C)Paternalistic
D)Autocratic

Question 44

Theory Z leadership is associated with the work of:

A)Robert Blake
B)William Ouchi
C)Sheila Puffer
D)Douglas McGregor

Question 45

All of the following are accurate depictions of the U.S.approach to leadership except:

A)Employment is usually short-term; layoffs are common.
B)Responsibility is shared collectively.
C)Evaluation and promotion is very fast; those not quickly promoted often seek employment elsewhere.
D)Decision making is carried out by the individual manager.

Question 46

Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the leadership style adopted by the managers of many Middle Eastern companies?

A)Highly authoritarian tone; rigid instructions
B)Less bureaucratic; more delegation of authority
C)Informal control mechanisms; routine checks on performance
D)Formal planning; decisions made at all levels of management

Question 47

There is a tendency toward ______ leadership styles among young Arab middle management, as well as among highly educated managers of all ages.

A)Participative
B)Autocratic
C)Authoritarian
D)Paternalistic

Question 48

The leadership process used by Japanese managers places a strong emphasis on _____ goals.

A)Distinct
B)Indeterminate
C)Ambiguous
D)Specific

Question 49

As a general statement, most evidence indicates that European managers tend to use this approach to leadership.

A)Paternalistic
B)Participative
C)Autocratic
D)Authoritarian

Question 50

All of the following are relevant to leadership examined in the now classic Haire, Ghiselli, and Porter study except:

A)Communication skills
B)Capacity for leadership and initiative
C)Sharing information and objectives
D)Participation

Question 51

The creation of uncertainty and the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action is referred to as:

A)Variety expansion
B)Variety subtraction
C)Variety amplification
D)Variety reduction

Question 52

U.S.executives are taught and tend to use _____, which is the limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives.

A)Variety amplification
B)Variety reduction
C)Variety augmentation
D)Variety expansion

Question 53

This individual monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur.

A)Contingent reward leader
B)Active management-by-exception leader
C)Passive management-by-exception leader
D)Laissez-faire leader

Question 54

Employees tend to be more creative and innovative when driven by leaders exhibiting this behavior.

A)Paternalistic
B)Autocratic
C)Authoritarian
D)Participative

Question 55

Which of the following leaders has explored how the individual ability of an executive works to inspire and motivate his/her subordinates?

A)Formational
B)Charismatic
C)Transactional
D)Negotiable

Question 56

The theory of leadership which combines Japanese and U.S.assumptions and approaches to leader behavior is referred to as:

A)Theory X
B)Theory Z
C)Participative leadership
D)Paternalistic leadership

Question 57

Bass found that the most effective managers were _____ leaders.

A)Transformational
B)Transactional
C)Variable
D)Functional

Question 58

All of the following are accurate depictions of the Japanese approach to leadership except:

A)Management's concern for its employees extends to the whole life, business and social, of the worker.
B)Decision making is carried out via group decision-making techniques.
C)Employment is often for life; layoffs are rare.
D)Control mechanisms are very explicit; people know exactly what to control and how to do it.

Question 59

These leaders are individuals who exchange rewards for effort and performance and work on a "something for something" basis.

A)Variable
B)Functional
C)Transactional
D)Transformational

Question 60

These leaders are visionary agents with a sense of mission who are capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things.

A)Transactional
B)Negotiable
C)Transformational
D)Formational

Question 61

This is a dynamic view that factors in fundamental concerns, but ultimately emphasizes positive human potential.

A)GLOBE
B)CR
C)POS
D)LF

Question 62

What is leadership? What areas warrant attention as a foundation for the study of leadership in an international setting?

Question 63

What are the different types of leadership styles?

Question 64

Positive organizational scholarship:

A)Focuses on positive outcomes, processes, and attributes of organizations and their members
B)Focuses avoiding, intervening, or accepting responsibility for follower actions
C)Takes action or intervenes in situations only when standards are not met
D)Monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur

Question 65

Compared to nonentrepreneurs, entrepreneurs typically

A)Make linear changes to products and systems
B)Rely on an organization to guide their thinking
C)Require structure support
D)Are more creative and innovative

Question 66

Discuss the four other types of leaders discovered by Bass.

Question 67

Which of the following leaders takes action or intervenes in situations only when standards are not met?

A)Passive management-by-exception leader
B)Laissez-faire leader
C)Contingent reward leader
D)Active management-by-exception leader

Question 68

This leader avoids intervening or accepting responsibility for follower actions.

A)Passive management-by-exception leader
B)Laissez-faire leader
C)Contingent reward leader
D)Active management-by-exception leader

Question 69

Which of the following leaders clarifies what needs to be done and provides both psychic and material rewards to those who comply with his/her directives?

A)Contingent reward leader
B)Active management-by-exception leader
C)Passive management-by-exception leader
D)Laissez-faire leader

Question 70

Discuss Theory X, Theory Y, and Theory Z.

Question 71

Bass found that through the use of higher-order factor analysis it is possible to develop a leadership model that illustrates the effectiveness of all five types of leaders:

A)I's (transformational), CR, MBE-A, MBA, and BAE-P
B)MBE-A, MBE-P, ABC, Trans, and LF
C)CR, CAB, LF, MBA, and MBE-A
D)I's (transformational), CR, MBE-A, MBE-P, and LF

Question 72

Which of the following is not a quality needed to be a servant leader?

A)Listening
B)Empathy
C)Entrepreneurship
D)Conceptualization

Question 73

Positive organizational scholarship consists of the following subunits except:

A)Enablers
B)Motivations
C)Outcomes or effects
D)Followers

Question 74

"Transformational leaders are able to get their followers to question old paradigms and to accept new views of the world regarding how things now need to be done." Which characteristic factor of transformational leaders is being described?

A)Idealized influence
B)Inspirational motivation
C)Intellectual stimulation
D)Individualized consideration

Question 75

Describe the difference between transformational and transactional leadership.