Deck 16: Critical Thinking,Argument,logic and Persuasion

Question 1

When are critical thinking skills required in learning at a university level?

A)In tutorial presentations
B)During the practical component of professional practice
C)During note making
D)All of the c above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to information in this Chapter,what determines the quality of human life and what we produce,make and build?

A)The assets we amass
B)Excellence in thought
C)Happiness
D)Our diligence

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One key purpose of critical thinking is to

A)challenge everything you read
B)be critical of everything you read
C)question and evaluate everything you read
D)check all the facts presented in everything you read

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Population sampling refers to

A)communication with research participants
B)the statistical data which is used as evidence
C)a type of research writing
D)an accepted commonly used research tool

Question 5

Critical thinking is important for

A)the development of subjective issues and expression of emotions
B)the examination and testing of propositions about any subject or problem
C)the formulation of individual privacy legislation
D)success in games of chance such as gambling

Question 6

Which activity would usually NOT require critical thinking?

A)Identifying problems and solutions
B)Listing second-hand information
C)Relating theory to practice
D)Making comparisons and contrasts

Question 7

The two main types of argument in logic are

A)premise and conclusion
B)valid and invalid
C)evidence and examples
D)deductive and inductive

Question 8

What is the key to critical thinking?

A)The perception of the speaker or the writer
B)Critical questioning
C)The ability to communicate
D)The ability to organise

Question 9

What does critical thinking require of an individual?

A)Patience,hard thinking and egocentrism
B)Curiosity about other people's issues and attention to detail
C)Communication skills and empathy
D)Effective communication and commitment to overcome our egocentrism and sociocentrism

Question 10

To convince readers,an argument is based on

A)evidence
B)theories
C)one's own opinion
D)a literature review

Question 11

In critical thinking,what do you need to think about when you are reading?

A)Challenging the author's ideas
B)Questioning the structure,purpose and audience of the text
C)Skimming and scanning the text for the main themes
D)What else the author has written on the subject

Question 12

The nature of critical thinking

A)depends upon self-image,self-esteem,self-concept and self-disclosure
B)is related to our ego and superego
C)is self-directed,self-disciplined,self-monitored and self-corrective
D)involves being critical of others

Question 13

A proposition is a claim

A)upon which an argument is based,or a conclusion is drawn
B)in which the reasoning is potentially deceptive
C)which serves an interpretation of the evidence
D)from which evidence is derived

Question 14

The position taken in the argument is important because it

A)shows the speaker's opinion
B)shows the speaker's conviction
C)reveals the knowledge the speaker has
D)is the starting point for presenting a convincing case

Question 15

The purpose of an argument is to

A)encourage the reader or listener in his or her decision
B)negotiate between the reader and the speaker
C)convince or persuade the reader or listener to accept a claim
D)help the reader understand what the reader needs to do

Question 16

The purpose of an effective persuasive message is to

A)discuss an issue with reference to verifiable evidence
B)create a balance of appropriate emotional and logical appeals
C)convince others that your argument is correct on moral grounds
D)convince others that their argument is illogical

Question 17

The relationship between a conclusion and an argument in research writing is that

A)an argument is composed of several premises and the conclusion of a single premise
B)a conclusion consists of evidence in support of premises
C)a conclusion is based on the reasoning and evidence in the argument
D)an argument and the conclusion are both made up of evidence

Question 18

In critical thinking,persuasion involves

A)influencing others to change their beliefs or behaviours through moral or logical argument
B)convincing others of your point of view through the presentation of facts
C)debating with others about moral issues
D)appealing to others' emotions to sway them in an argument

Question 19

What must be tested for accuracy in research writing?

A)General statements or opinions based on incomplete knowledge
B)Findings based on empirical evidence and study
C)Deductive generalisations
D)Inductive reasoning

Question 20

Syllogisms contain at least two premises leading to a conclusion.They are

A)inductive and deductive premises
B)major and minor premises
C)introduction and conclusion premises
D)exemplary and evidentiary premises

Question 21

What does a credible sender combine in order to build a logical persuasive message in academic writing or speech?

A)Physiological needs,esteem needs and security needs
B)Individual,communicative and social competence
C)Academic,professional and political interests
D)Ethos,logos and pathos

Question 22

An appeal to character is an appeal based on

A)the credibility of the speaker
B)the credibility of the listener or reader
C)the image to which the listener or reader aspires
D)the image projected by the speaker

Question 23

There is a tendency to over-generalise,particularly if data contradicts the researcher's premise,in

A)deductive logic
B)syllogisms
C)inductive logic
D)the premises

Question 24

In research writing,those taken-for-granted and often unstated beliefs about the way we think are referred to as

A)reasoning or sampling errors
B)descriptive assumptions
C)prescriptive or value assumptions
D)fallacies and arguments

Question 25

Descriptive assumptions are

A)unstated values about the way the world is
B)explicit beliefs about the way the world is
C)assumptions that give a general rather than a specific character to a subject
D)found in the results section of a research report

Question 26

The techniques of persuasion include

A)social,security and psychological appeals
B)historical,theoretical and economic appeals
C)a rhetorical mix,a features-benefits mix and psychological appeals
D)a mix of logical arguments and emotional appeals that influence changes in behaviour

Question 27

Any behaviour change as a result of persuasion is

A)the result of skillful communication
B)more stable than change brought about by coercion or force
C)successful from the perspective of the communicator
D)successful from the perspective of the receiver of the communication

Question 28

An unrepresentative sample causes problems because

A)researchers may over-generalise their findings
B)the research participants may not have withdrawn their consent
C)the researchers may not appropriately represent the research
D)the research may not be considered empirical

Question 29

Which of the examples below is consistent with the basic structure in writing an argument?

A)'This is so,because of …'
B)'We believe …'
C)'It is believed that …'
D)'Dr.Shaw said … '

Question 30

Through successful persuasion

A)we affect change in others despite their initial resistance
B)we affect others and they affect us
C)we reach our goals irrespective of obstacles
D)we affect change in others but we remain unaffected

Question 31

What leads to false conclusions when the premises are incorrect in a logical argument?

A)Inductive logic
B)Deductive logic
C)Generalisations
D)Random Sampling

Question 32

What are critical thinkers required to do in relation to assumptions and evidence?

A)To ask leading questions influential in determining the conclusion
B)To seek some logical evidence in key parts of the research
C)To look for some definitions and some findings from surveys
D)To ask questions about the quality and quantity of the evidence

Question 33

The purpose of balancing logic and emotion in academic works is to

A)impress upon readers that a great amount of research has been done
B)account for the socio-political needs of listeners or readers
C)enhance the credibility of the speaker and capture the audience's attention
D)emphasise the psychological needs of listeners and readers

Question 34

A reasoning fallacy arises from

A)a thorough examination of an argument
B)flawed analogical reasoning
C)the bias of the reader or listener
D)generalisations and interpretations of findings

Question 35

Academic studies must be based on

A)predominantly sound arguments
B)research,credible sources and argument built on evidence
C)inductive and deductive logic
D)well structured syllogisms and convincing conclusions

Question 36

A claim that has no statements to support it cannot be taken as a conclusion because

A)no evidence has been offered
B)external experts have not been cited
C)a conclusion representative sample has not been sourced
D)it is unethical to omit supporting statements

Question 37

The purpose of using basic structure,such as 'This is so,because of …' is to

A)help readers understand the research methods
B)enable the writer to infer the conclusion
C)guide the writer to write a conclusion
D)prepare the writer to use an advanced structure in the future

Question 38

According to Maslow 1997,the hierarchy of needs

A)is a feature-benefits mix
B)provides a way to categorise types of needs from higher-level to lower-level needs
C)suggests that an unsatisfied need provides the motivation to act in order to satisfy that need
D)illustrates how persuasive messages can satisfy health and safety needs

Question 39

From an argument,it is usually possible to draw

A)one conclusion
B)two conclusions
C)different conclusions
D)no conclusions

Question 40

An opinion,formed through the process of critical thinking,

A)is a claim made after a person has considered the facts they have chosen to take into account
B)expresses a point of view based on logic and the testing of propositions
C)is unreliable because it is just that,an opinion
D)is usually sound and objective

Question 41

Critical thinking has a variety of definitions.

Question 42

The basis of arguments is neither inductive nor deductive reasoning and should avoid fallacious reasoning at all times.

Question 43

A convincing argument is a claim or assertion which shows the relationship between inference and conclusion.

Question 44

A conclusion is the claim being made by the evidence.

Question 45

A solid argument is based on convincing evidence and sound inferences.

Question 46

It is important to question any research findings critically before embracing them.

Question 47

The purposes of critical thinking and questioning are to enable you to examine and test propositions of any kind that are offered for acceptance,in order to find out whether the reasons and conclusions align with the argument.

Question 48

Making good judgements is a consequence of persuasion.

Question 49

An effective persuasive message balances the relationship between the sender and the receiver.

Question 50

A proposition is a claim upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn.

Question 51

Successful persuasive strategies rely upon individuals' logical arguments and psychological appeals and speaker gullibility.

Question 52

The premise may only be written as a purpose.

Question 53

The criteria for evaluating an argument include: logical soundness of the argument and its consistency with other knowledge.

Question 54

A common form of deductive argument is a syllogism which is made up of examples or evidence.

Question 55

Critical thinking is synonymous with personal opinion.

Question 56

The relationship the writer establishes between the premises and the conclusion determines the difference between fallacy and syllogism.

Question 57

The argument is deductive when the truth of the premises establishes the truth of the conclusion.

Question 58

The process of deriving a conclusion is referred to as an assumption.

Question 59

A fallacy is a type of logical reasoning.

Question 60

Identifying the premise,claim or assertion in the critical reading process is not as important as questioning.

Question 61

Any type of persuasive message has the following common components: introduction,body and attachment.

Question 62

An unsupported claim is simply an opinion.

Question 63

Conclusions are ideas that support premises and arguments.

Question 64

Identify three techniques of persuasion.How do techniques of persuasion influence your academic writing? Describe the process of persuasion.What kinds of appeals are used in persuasive messages?

Question 65

The basic process of persuasion requires that the person making a claim supports it in such a way that the receiver accepts the claim.

Question 66

Reflect upon an occasion when you succeeded in persuading someone to change their perspective on something.Discuss the persuasive strategies you used in,i.e.emotional,logical,or character-based.

Question 67

Quality evidence is usually presented as a set of well-stated ideas.

Question 68

Contrast the features of quality evidence and poor evidence.Describe four problems with research findings.Discuss at least six clues you would look for when evaluating research results.

Question 69

What are the characteristics of an argument? Explain the relationship between the premise and the conclusion.

Question 70

Distinguish 'deductive reasoning','inductive reasoning' and 'opinion'.What do the terms 'syllogism' and 'generalisation' mean? Give examples of each.

Question 71

What is the purpose of critical thinking in academic work? Identify three critical thinking activities you have undertaken in the past week,and discuss why they are examples of critical thinking.How do critical questions help you in your academic studies?

Question 72

Discuss the reasons for achieving a balance between emotional appeals and logical appeals in a persuasive message.Identify four factors that help you achieve this balance.

Question 73

Define the term 'fallacy' and give three examples of common fallacies.Explain the difference between conscious and unconscious fallacious reasoning.

Question 74

Fallacious reasoning in logic is usually a conscious process.