Deck 3: The Cellular Environment

Question 1

How does syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)cause excess water?

A) The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of sodium that retains excessive water in the renal tubules.
B) The decrease in antidiuretic hormone increases serum glucose,which binds to water.
C) The decrease in antidiuretic hormone prevents the renal tubules from reabsorbing water.
D) The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules.

Answer 1

The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules.

Question 2

At the arterial end of capillaries,why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?

A) Because the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Because the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure
C) Because the interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D) Because the capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Answer 2

Because the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure

Question 3

Infants have the highest overall percentage of body water.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The two main intracellular fluid compartments are the interstitial fluid contained in the nucleus and the intravascular fluid contained in the cell body.

Question 5

Why are infants susceptible to significant losses in total body water (TBW)?

A) Because more than half of an infant's body weight is water
B) Because infants have a slow metabolic rate
C) Because infant's kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluids losses
D) Because they are unable communicate adequately when they are thirsty

Question 6

What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion,convulsions,cerebral hemorrhage,and coma in hypernatremia?

A) The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels causing brain cells to shrink.
B) The high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of blood vessels into the brain cells causing them to swell.
C) The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of brain cells,which slows the synapses within the brain.
D) The high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water causing brain cells to swell.

Question 7

Retention of sodium and water is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
C) Capillary oncotic pressure
D) Interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 8

Movement of water from the intracellular fluid (ICF)to the extracellular fluid (ECF)is primarily accomplished by active transport.

Question 9

How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

A) Insulin stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium.
B) Insulin binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys.
C) Insulin transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose.
D) Insulin breaks down the chemical components of potassium so that it is not longer effective.

Question 10

What is a major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for transmission of nerve impulses?

A) The ratio between intracellular sodium (Na⁺)and extracellular sodium
B) The ratio between intracellular potassium (K⁺)and extracellular potassium
C) The ratio between intracellular sodium (Na⁺)and extracellular potassium (K⁺)
D) The ratio between intracellular potassium (K⁺)and extracellular sodium (Na⁺)

Question 11

Insulin and glucose can be given to correct hyperkalemia.

Question 12

Both loss of sodium and gain of water can cause hyponatremia.

Question 13

Hyperaldosteronism causes which fluid and electrolyte imbalances?

A) Hyperkalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume excess
B) Hypokalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume excess
C) Hyperkalemia,hyponatremia,and fluid volume deficit
D) Hypokalemia,hypernatremia,and fluid volume deficit

Question 14

Why are obese people at greater risk for dehydration than lean people?

A) Because adipose cells contain little water;fat is water repelling
B) Because the metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than lean adults
C) Because the rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than lean adults
D) Because the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively

Question 15

How does the body reestablish equilibrium when solute is added to extracellular fluid making it hypertonic?

A) Water is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space.
B) Sodium is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space.
C) Sodium is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space.
D) Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space.

Question 16

What mechanisms cause hypernatremia?

A) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
B) Cushing's disease and hyperaldosteronism
C) Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
D) Excessive diuretic therapy

Question 17

Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
C) Capillary oncotic pressure
D) Interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 18

When buffers,such as carbonic acid-bicarbonate,absorb excessive H⁺ (acid)or OH^- (base),a significant change in the plasma pH results.

Question 19

Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause muscle weakness.

Question 20

Proteins are primarily an intracellular buffer.

Question 21

Hypermagnesemia is usually caused by:

A) hepatitis.
B) renal failure.
C) trauma to the hypothalamus.
D) pancreatitis.

Question 22

Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of:

A) osmotic forces.
B) plasma oncotic pressure.
C) antidiuretic hormone.
D) hydrostatic forces.

Question 23

A patient has a long history of smoking.He has blood studies done because he is very tired,is short of breath,and just does not feel well.His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH,7.3;HCO₃ 27 mEq/L;CO₂,58 mmHg.What is the interpretation of these gases?

A) Respiratory alkalosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 24

Which of the following buffers works the fastest (in minutes to hours)?

A) Hemoglobin Hb/HHb
B) Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid (HCO₃/H₂CO₃)
C) Phosphate (HPO₄/H₂PO₄)
D) Ammonia (NH₃/NH₄)

Question 25

What are causes of hyperkalemia?

A) Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
B) Vomiting and diarrhea
C) Renal failure and crush injuries
D) Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease

Question 26

Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance?

A) Elderly persons,thin women,and infants
B) Infants,children,and obese persons
C) Thin women,obese persons,and elderly persons
D) Obese persons,elderly persons,and infants

Question 27

What initiates the formation of ammonium (NH₄)from ammonia (NH₃)in the tubular lumen of the kidney?

A) Arterial pH of 7.25
B) Arterial pH of 7.35
C) Arterial pH of 7.55
D) Arterial pH of 7.65

Question 28

_____ alterations occur when changes in total body water (TBW)are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes.

A) Isotonic
B) Hypertonic
C) Hypotonic
D) Normotonic

Question 29

Which are indications of dehydration?

A) Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
B) Muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes
C) Tachycardia and weight loss
D) Polyuria and hyperventilation

Question 30

During acidosis,the body compensates for the increase in hydrogen ions in the blood by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

A) Oxygen
B) Sodium
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium

Question 31

What is the action of natriuretic peptides?

A) They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
B) They increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
C) They increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion
D) They decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.

Question 32

In hyperkalemia,cardiac rhythm changes are a direct result of:

A) cardiac cell hypopolarization.
B) cardiac cell hyperexcitability.
C) depression of the sinoatrial (SA)node.
D) cardiac cell repolarization.

Question 33

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃)and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)exist in a ratio of:

A) 20:1.
B) 1:20.
C) 10:2.
D) 10:5.

Question 34

The calcium and phosphate balances are influenced by which three substances?

A) Parathyroid hormone,vasopressin,and vitamin D
B) Parathyroid hormone,calcitonin,and vitamin D
C) Thyroid hormone,vasopressin,and vitamin A
D) Thyroid hormone,calcitonin,and vitamin A

Question 35

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n):

A) decrease in serum sodium.
B) increase in plasma osmolality.
C) increase in glomerular filtration rate.
D) decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation.

Question 36

What is the significance of deep,rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations)in metabolic acidosis?

A) It indicates that anxiety,with rapid breathing,is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
B) It indicates the excessive carbon dioxide is exhaled to compensate for metabolic acidosis.
C) It indicates that diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis.
D) It indicates that more oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.

Question 37

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

A) Angiotensin I
B) Angiotensin II
C) Aldosterone
D) Renin

Question 38

Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing laxatives can result in:

A) hypomagnesemiA.
B) hypophosphatemia.
C) hyponatremia.
D) hypokalemia.

Question 39

Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign indicate:

A) hypokalemiA.
B) hyperkalemia.
C) hypocalcemia.
D) hypercalcemia.

Question 40

When thirst is experienced,how are osmoreceptors activated?

A) By an increase in the antidiuretic hormone secreted into the plasma
B) By an increase in aldosterone secreted into the plasma
C) By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma
D) By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma

Question 41

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
Confusion,irritability,depression,headache,seizures

A)Hyponatremia
B)Hypernatremia
C)Hypercalcemia
D)Hypokalemia
E)Hypomagnesemia

Question 42

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
Absent bowel sounds,skeletal muscle weakness,bradycardia

A)Hyponatremia
B)Hypernatremia
C)Hypercalcemia
D)Hypokalemia
E)Hypomagnesemia

Question 43

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
Required for glycogen deposition in the liver

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium
E)Phosphate

Question 44

Which are causes of hypocalcemia?

A) Repeated blood administration or pancreatitis
B) Kidney stones and immobility
C) Decreased resorption of calcium and phosphate from bone
D) Hyperparathyroidism and bone metastasis

Question 45

How does the loss of chloride during vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?

A) Loss of chloride stimulates the release of aldosterone,which causes the retained sodium to bind with the chloride.
B) Loss of chloride causes hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance.
C) Loss of chloride causes retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance.
D) Loss of chloride causes hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis.

Question 46

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
Weight gain,bounding pulse,increased blood pressure,edema

A)Hyponatremia
B)Hypernatremia
C)Hypercalcemia
D)Hypokalemia
E)Hypomagnesemia

Question 47

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
Acts as an intracellular and extracellular anion buffer

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium
E)Phosphate

Question 48

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium
E)Phosphate

Question 49

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
Regulation of osmolality

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium
E)Phosphate

Question 50

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
An intracellular metabolic form is ATP

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium
E)Phosphate

Question 51

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
Depression,confusion,irritability,increased reflexes,tetany

A)Hyponatremia
B)Hypernatremia
C)Hypercalcemia
D)Hypokalemia
E)Hypomagnesemia

Question 52

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
Major determinant of resting membrane potential

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium
E)Phosphate

Question 53

MATCHING
Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions.(Terms can be used more than once. )
Inversely related to HCO₃ concentration

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Magnesium
E)Phosphate

Question 54

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
Fatigue,weakness,kidney stones,varying degrees of heart block

A)Hyponatremia
B)Hypernatremia
C)Hypercalcemia
D)Hypokalemia
E)Hypomagnesemia