Deck 8: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation Including Hypersensitivies

Question 1

Through which lymphocyte is the common allergy hay fever expressed?

A) IgE-mediated reactions
B) IgG-mediated reactions
C) IgM-mediated reactions
D) T cell-mediated reactions

Answer 1

IgE-mediated reactions

Question 2

What is the mechanism in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A) Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation followed by discharge of preformed mediators.
B) Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues.
C) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokines-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly.
D) Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface.

Answer 2

Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface.

Question 3

During an immunoglobulin E-mediated (IgE)hypersensitivity reaction,which leukocyte is activated?

A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Eosinophils
D) T lymphocytes

Answer 3

Eosinophils

Question 4

The patient with HIV infection is asymptomatic during the latency because the HIV virus lies dormant in lymph nodes.

Question 5

In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction,when antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system,how are the blood vessels destroyed?

A) By complement-mediated cell lysis
B) By phagocytosis by macrophages
C) By phagocytosis in the spleen
D) By neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products

Question 6

During an immunoglobulin E-mediated (IgE)hypersensitivity reaction,what stops the degranulation of mast cells?

A) The action of histamine bound to H2 receptors
B) The action of chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis bound to receptors
C) The action of epinephrine bound to mast cell receptors
D) The action of acetylcholine bound to mast cell receptors

Question 7

Immune deficiencies can either be congenital or acquired.

Question 8

During an immunoglobulin E-mediated (IgE)hypersensitivity reaction,what causes bronchospasm?

A) Bronchial edema caused by chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
B) Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody
C) Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
D) Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 receptors

Question 9

What is the mechanism in type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A) Antibodies bind to the antigen on the cell surface and cause lysis.
B) Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation followed by discharge of preformed mediators.
C) Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues.
D) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokines-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly.

Question 10

In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction,when mismatched blood is administered causing an ABO incompatibility,what destroys the erythrocytes?

A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
D) Natural killer cells

Question 11

One person with HIV cannot transmit the virus to others until HIV antibodies are detected.

Question 12

What is a characteristic of atopic individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop allergies?

A) They produce greater quantities of histamine than other individuals.
B) They have more histamine receptors than other individuals.
C) They produce greater quantities of immunoglobulin E (IgE)than other individuals.
D) They have a deficiency in epinephrine compared with other individuals.

Question 13

Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(n):

A) disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens.
B) immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person.
C) altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease.
D) undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens.

Question 14

Atopic individuals tend to produce higher levels of IgM.

Question 15

Some forms of severe combined immune deficiency can be caused by a single gene defect.

Question 16

In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction,when soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation,what causes tissue damage?

A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
D) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products

Question 17

Antibodies to HIV appear within weeks of transmission through blood products,but within months after sexual transmission.

Question 18

What is the name of the hypersensitivity reaction that occurs after a person who is allergic to bee stings is stung by a bee?

A) Hemolytic shock
B) Anaphylaxis
C) Necrotizing vasculitis
D) Systemic erythematosus

Question 19

During an anaphylactic reaction,what reverses the effects of histamine?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Antihistamine
C) Epinephrine
D) Corticosteroid

Question 20

Persons with blood type O are considered universal recipients.

Question 21

What is the mechanism in type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A) Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation followed by discharge of preformed mediators.
B) Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues.
C) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokines-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly.
D) Antibodies bind to the antigen on the cell surface.

Question 22

In a type III hypersensitivity reaction,what causes the harmful effects after the immune complexes are deposited in tissues?

A) Cytotoxic T cells
B) Natural killer cells
C) Complement activation
D) Degranulation of mast cells

Question 23

Blood transfusion reactions are an example of:

A) autoimmunity.
B) alloimmunity.
C) homoimmunity.

Question 24

Which component of the immune system is deficient in people with infections caused by viruses,fungi,or yeast?

A) Natural killer cells
B) Macrophages
C) B cells
D) T cells

Question 25

When a tuberculin skin test is positive,what forms the hard center and erythema surrounding the induration?

A) Histamine
B) T lymphocytes and macrophages
C) Immune complexes
D) Products of complement

Question 26

In Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism),autoantibodies bind to and activate receptors for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)so that excessive T₄ (thyroxine)is secreted,causing clinical manifestations of an increased metabolism.This mechanism is an example of which Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A) Modulation
B) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADCC)
C) Neutrophil-mediated damage
D) Complement-mediated lysis

Question 27

When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus,_____ disease is a result.

A) allergic
B) alloimmune
C) fetalimmune
D) autoimmune

Question 28

A person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of anti-___ antibodies.

A) A
B) B
C) A and B
D) O

Question 29

Which blood cell carries the carbohydrate antigens for blood type?

A) Platelets
B) Neutrophils
C) Lymphocytes
D) Erythrocytes

Question 30

What disease involves the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against host DNA,resulting in tissue damage?

A) Hemolytic anemia
B) Pernicious
C) Systemic lupus erythematosus
D) Myasthenia gravis

Question 31

The class of antibody involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions is:

A) IgA.
B) IgE.
C) IgG.
D) IgM.

Question 32

How does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after an organ transplant?

A) Helper T cells (Th1)release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue.
B) Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue where the complement cascade lyses tissue.
C) Antigens on the cell surface of transplanted tissue are recognized by receptors on natural killer (NK)cells,which release lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue.
D) Antibodies coat the surface of transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue.

Question 33

What is the mechanism in type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A) Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation followed by discharge of preformed mediators.
B) Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues.
C) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokines-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly.
D) Antibodies bind to the antigen on the cell surface.

Question 34

Considering the effects of nutritional deficiencies on the immune system,severe deficits in calories and protein lead to deficiencies in the formation of which immune cells?

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) Natural killer cells
D) Neutrophils

Question 35

By _____ months,the newborn is sufficiently protected by antibodies produced by its own B cells.

A) 1 to 2
B) 4 to 5
C) 6 to 8
D) 10 to 12

Question 36

In myasthenia gravis,the acetylcholine receptor antibodies block acetylcholine from attaching to their receptors impairing the neuromuscular transmission and causing muscle weakness.This mechanism is an example of which Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A) Modulation
B) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADCC)
C) Neutrophil-mediated damage
D) Complement-mediated lysis

Question 37

In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction,that is an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC),what destroys the target cells?

A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
C) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
D) Natural killer cells

Question 38

Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function?

A) Iron
B) Zinc
C) Iodine
D) Magnesium

Question 39

Which class of immunoglobulins forms isohemagglutinins?

A) Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
B) Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
C) Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
D) Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Question 40

What mechanism occurs in Raynaud phenomenon that classify it as a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A) Immune complexes are deposited in capillary beds blocking circulation.
B) Mast cells bind to specific endothelial receptors that cause them to degranulate creating a localized inflammatory reaction that occludes capillary circulation.
C) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack and destroy the capillaries so that they are unable to perfuse local tissues.
D) Antibodies detect the capillaries as foreign protein and destroy them using lysosomal enzymes and toxic oxygen species.

Question 41

Which cells are primary targets for HIV?

A) CD4-positive Th cells only
B) CD4-positive Th cells,macrophages,and natural killer cells
C) CD8-positive Tc cells and plasma cells
D) CD8-positive Tc cells only

Question 42

HIV antibodies appear within ______ weeks after infection through blood products.

A) 1 to 2
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 20 to 24

Question 43

Which secretion transmits human immunodeficiency syndrome?

A) Sweat
B) Urine
C) Saliva
D) Breast milk

Question 44

Cells in _____ may act as a reservoir in which HIV can be relatively protected from antiviral drugs.

A) the central nervous system
B) bone marrow
C) the thymus gland
D) the lungs

Question 45

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?

A) It converts single DNA into double-stranded DNA.
B) It is needed to produce integrase.
C) It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus.
D) It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.

Question 46

After sexual transmission of HIV,a person can be infected yet seronegative for _____ months.

A) 1 to 2
B) 6 to 14
C) 18 to 20
D) 24 to 36

Question 47

MATCHING
Match the phrases with the corresponding descriptions.
Type I hypersensitivity

A)Agammaglobulinemia
B)Raynaud phenomenon
C)Poison ivy
D)Urticaria
E)Graves' disease

Question 48

MATCHING
Match the phrases with the corresponding descriptions.
Congenital immune deficiency

A)Agammaglobulinemia
B)Raynaud phenomenon
C)Poison ivy
D)Urticaria
E)Graves' disease

Question 49

MATCHING
Match the phrases with the corresponding descriptions.
Type IV hypersensitivity

A)Agammaglobulinemia
B)Raynaud phenomenon
C)Poison ivy
D)Urticaria
E)Graves' disease

Question 50

MATCHING
Match the phrases with the corresponding descriptions.
Type III hypersensitivity

A)Agammaglobulinemia
B)Raynaud phenomenon
C)Poison ivy
D)Urticaria
E)Graves' disease

Question 51

In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial to complete absence of T-cell immunity?

A) Bruton disease
B) DiGeorge syndrome
C) Reticular dysgenesis
D) Adenosine deaminase (ADA)deficiency

Question 52

MATCHING
Match the phrases with the corresponding descriptions.
Type II hypersensitivity

A)Agammaglobulinemia
B)Raynaud phenomenon
C)Poison ivy
D)Urticaria
E)Graves' disease

Question 53

A major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of which cells?

A) Macrophages
B) CD8+ T cells
C) CD4+ Th cells
D) Memory T cells

Question 54

Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

A) It only infects T helper cells.
B) The virus is retrovirus.
C) It carries genetic information in DNA.
D) Five strains have been identified.