Deck 9: Infection Including Hivaids

Question 1

Which are characteristics of exotoxins?

A) They are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteriA.
B) They are released during the lysis of bacteria.
C) They can initiate the complement and coagulation cascades.
D) They are released during bacterial growth.

Answer 1

They are released during bacterial growth.

Question 2

Viruses have no metabolism and are incapable of independent reproduction.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

How are vaccines against viruses made?

A) Vaccines are made from killed organisms or extracts of antigens.
B) Vaccines are made from live organisms weakened so that antigens,which limits controllable infection.
C) Vaccines are made from purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified without loss of immunogenicity.
D) Vaccines are made from recombinant pathogenic protein.

Answer 3

Vaccines are made from live organisms weakened so that antigens,which limits controllable infection.

Question 4

Immunoglobulins are important in controlling fungi.

Question 5

Which element is necessary for bacteria to multiply?

A) Iron
B) Zinc
C) Iodine
D) Copper

Question 6

Macrophages bind to the surface of bacteria,act as opsonins and activate complement.

Question 7

For which microorganisms is the skin the site of reproduction?

A) Viruses
B) Bacteria and fungi
C) Protozoa and rickettsiae
D) Mycoplasma

Question 8

Endotoxins from gram negative bacteria can activate the coagulation cascade.

Question 9

Colonization is the first stage of infection.

Question 10

Once they have penetrated the first line of defense,which microorganisms do neutrophils actively attack,engulf and destroy by phagocytosis?

A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Mycoplasma

Question 11

Once they have penetrated the first line of defense,which microorganisms do natural killer cells actively attack?

A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Mycoplasma

Question 12

Cytokines are thought to raise the thermoregulatory set point to cause fever by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?

A) Leukotriene
B) Histamine
C) Prostaglandin
D) Bradykinin

Question 13

Endotoxins are contained in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

Question 14

All viruses have a protein receptor binding site on their surface that adheres to specific binding site on the host cell.

Question 15

What is colonization?

A) The ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host
B) The presence of pathogens on or in the body without tissue invasion
C) An important factor in determining a pathogen's degree of virulence
D) Direct damage to cells rendering them dysfunctional

Question 16

Diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses.

Question 17

How do pathogens use antigenic shifts to escape recognition by host defenses?

A) By creating mutations allowing for the emergence of new strains of pathogens
B) By a recombination of genes from different pathogens
C) By pathogens switching genes off and on to avoid host's immune response
D) By changing the appearance of surface antigens to avoid detection

Question 18

Which mechanism is used by bacteria such as Staphylococcus,Streptococcus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to fight off or alter the human inflammatory response or resist immune defenses?

A) They coat the surfaces to inhibit phagocytosis.
B) They produce toxins that damage cells and alter function.
C) They create surface receptors that bind to host cells.
D) They produce proteases to digest immunoglobulins.

Question 19

One systemic manifestation of an acute inflammatory response is fever that is produced by:

A) endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus.
B) exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus.
C) immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.
D) cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.

Question 20

In a bacterial infection,what activates helper T cells?

A) Macrophage display of antigens
B) Phagocytosis by neutrophils
C) Activation of the complement cascade
D) Cytokines engulf bacteria

Question 21

Match the microorganism with its characteristics.(Answers may be used more than once. )
Grow as parasites on or near skin and mucous membranes

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Dermatophytes

Question 22

What is the major cause of death worldwide?

A) Starvation
B) Traumatic injury
C) Cardiovascular disease
D) Infectious disease

Question 23

Match the microorganism with its characteristics.(Answers may be used more than once. )
Use metabolism of hosts cells to proliferate

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Dermatophytes

Question 24

MATCHING
Match term with its definition.
Ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Colonization
D)Pathogenicity
E)Virulence

Question 25

Match the microorganism with its characteristics.(Answers may be used more than once. )
Invade skin,hair and nails

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Dermatophytes

Question 26

MATCHING
Match term with its definition.
Potency of a pathogen measured in terms of the number of microorganisms or micrograms of toxin required to kill the host

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Colonization
D)Pathogenicity
E)Virulence

Question 27

MATCHING
Match term with its definition.
The ability of an agent to produce disease

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Colonization
D)Pathogenicity
E)Virulence

Question 28

Which statement is true about fungal infections?

A) They occur only on skin,hair,and nails.
B) They are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes.
C) They result in release of endotoxins.
D) They are be prevented by vaccines.

Question 29

Match the microorganism with its characteristics.(Answers may be used more than once. )
Injure cells by producing exotoxins and endotoxins

A)Bacteria
B)Viruses
C)Mycoses
D)Dermatophytes

Question 30

Which statement about vaccines is true?

A) Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
B) Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
C) Vaccines with booster injections induce primary and secondary immune responses.
D) Vaccines provide effective protection for all people against viruses,bacteria and fungal infections.

Question 31

MATCHING
Match term with its definition.
An important factor in determining a pathogen's ability to produce disease by production of a soluble toxin

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Colonization
D)Pathogenicity
E)Virulence