Deck 11: Biology of Cancer

Question 1

What are characteristics of cancer in situ?

A) Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
B) Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
C) Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
D) Cellular and tissues changes indicate dysplasia.

Answer 1

Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.

Question 2

An increased number of sexual partners has been shown to be related to the incidence of cervical cancer.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Many cancers create a mutation of ras.What is ras?

A) A tumor suppressor gene
B) A growth promoting gene
C) An intracellular signaling protein that regulates cell growth
D) A cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus about cell growth

Answer 3

An intracellular signaling protein that regulates cell growth

Question 4

There is no current evidence that associates obesity with cancer formation.

Question 5

What is autocrine stimulation?

A) The ability of cancer cells to stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply
B) The ability of cancer cells to stimulate secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors
C) The ability of cancer cells to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
D) The ability of cancer cells to divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use

Question 6

Some tumors initially described as benign can progress to malignant tumors.

Question 7

Most cancers must acquire mutation in six distinct areas: growth signals,antigrowth signals,evading apoptosis,replicating ability,angiogenesis,and invasion and metastasis.

Question 8

For the function of tumor suppressor genes to be lost,only one chromosome (allele)of the gene must be inactivated.

Question 9

A hallmark of cancer cells is their immortality.

Question 10

Which are cancers arising from connective tissue tissues?

A) Osteogenic sarcoma
B) Basal cell carcinoma
C) Multiple myeloma
D) Adenocarcinoma

Question 11

The term "neoplasm" can refer to a benign tumor.

Question 12

Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

A) Blood vessels
B) Epithelium cells
C) Connective tissue
D) Glandular tissue

Question 13

What is apoptosis?

A) A normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive
B) An antigrowth signal activated by tumor suppressor Rb
C) A mutation of cell growth stimulated by the p53 gene
D) The transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia

Question 14

What are tumor cell markers?

A) Hormones,enzymes,antigens,and antibodies produced by cancer cells
B) Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked
C) Cytokines produced against cancer cells
D) Identification marks used in administering radiation therapy

Question 15

Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer.These findings support the notion that:

A) cancers of the colon are more easily diagnosed in the benign form because they can be visualized during colonoscopy.
B) an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer.
C) tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract.
D) apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli including excessive growth.

Question 16

Cancer is predominantly a disease of aging.

Question 17

There appears to be no relation between the incidence of melanoma and age at the time of exposure to excessive UV radiation.

Question 18

Anaplasia is recognized by loss or organization and a marked increase in nuclear size.

Question 19

How are tumor cell markers used?

A) To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer
B) To treat certain types of cancer
C) To predict where cancers will develop
D) To screen individuals at high risk for cancer

Question 20

Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized.This is an example of:

A) dysplasiA.
B) hyperplasia.
C) myoplasia.
D) anaplasia.

Question 21

How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?

A) By vasodilation and increased permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage
B) By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged,which initiates mutations
C) By releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
D) By increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers

Question 22

Smoking is associated with cancers of all of the following except:

A) lung.
B) skin.
C) bladder.
D) kidney.
E) pancreas.

Question 23

The Papanicolaou (Pap)test is used to screen for which cancer?

A) Ovarian
B) Uterine
C) Cervical
D) Vaginal

Question 24

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

A) Proto-oncogenes
B) Oncogenes
C) Tumor suppressor genes
D) Growth promoting genes

Question 25

Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14.This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?

A) Point mutation
B) Chromosome translocation
C) Gene amplification
D) Chromosome fusion

Question 26

The major virus involved in cervical cancer is:

A) herpes simplex virus type 6.
B) herpes simplex virus type 2.
C) human papillomavirus.
D) human immunodeficiency virus.

Question 27

Which of the following represents the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue,respectively?

A) Liposarcoma,lipoma
B) Lipoma,liposarcoma
C) Adisarcoma,adipoma
D) Adipoma,adisarcoma

Question 28

By what process does the ras gene convert from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?

A) By designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome
B) By duplicating a small piece of a chromosome repeatedly making numerous copies
C) By alternating one or more nucleotide base pairs
D) By promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor suppressor genes

Question 29

Normally,which cells,if any,are "immortal" (never die)?

A) None,all cells eventually die
B) Stems cells and germ cells
C) Blood cells
D) Epithelial cells

Question 30

Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation?

A) Skin,lung,and pancreatic
B) Colon,liver,and lung
C) Bone,blood cells,and pancreatic
D) Bladder,skin,and kidney

Question 31

Which characteristic among women correlates with a high morbidity of cancer of the colon,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,breast,uterus,and kidney?

A) Women over 45 years
B) Women who never had children
C) Women who had a high body mass index
D) Woman who smoked for more than 10 years

Question 32

Most human cancers appear to arise via:

A) autosomal recessive gene inheritance.
B) spontaneous gene mutations.
C) X-linked recessive gene inheritance.
D) autosomal dominant gene inheritance.

Question 33

How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?

A) They use it to repair the telomeres at the end of chromosome to restore somatic cell growth.
B) They use it as an intracellular signaling chemical to stimulate cell division.
C) They switch off the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely.
D) They switch on the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely.

Question 34

In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)a piece of chromosome 9 fuses to a piece of chromosome 22.This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?

A) Point mutation
B) Chromosome fusion
C) Gene amplification
D) Chromosome translocation

Question 35

What are characteristics of benign tumors?

A) They invade local tissues.
B) They spread through lymph.
C) They cause systemic symptoms.
D) They have a low mitotic index.

Question 36

What are oncogenes?

A) Genes that have undergone mutation that direct the synthesis of protein to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
B) Genes that direct synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and provide necessary replacement of tissue
C) Genes that encode proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to show or halt replacement of tissue
D) Genes that have undergone mutation to direct malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis

Question 37

Which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking?

A) Alcohol
B) Steroids
C) Antihistamines
D) Antidepressants

Question 38

Which of the viruses below are oncogenic DNA viruses?

A) Papovaviruses,adenoviruses,and herpesviruses
B) Retroviruses,papovaviruses,and adenoviruses
C) Adenoviruses,herpesviruses,and retroviruses
D) Herpesviruses,retroviruses,and papovaviruses

Question 39

Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor suppressor genes?

A) Because each allele must be altered and each person has two copies,or alleles,of each gene,one from each parent
B) Because the first "hit" stops tissue growth and the second "hit" is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth
C) Because they are larger than proto-oncogenes requiring two "hits" to effect carcinogenesis
D) Because the first "hit" is insufficient to cause sufficient damage to cause a mutation

Question 40

What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?

A) Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes.
B) The tumor suppressor gene is turned off.
C) Genetic amplification causes the growth.
D) Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.

Question 41

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
Anaplasia

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 42

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
Caretaker gene

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 43

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
Proto-oncogene

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 44

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
Autocrine stimulation

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 45

MATCHING
Match the description with its corresponding term.
Pleomorphic

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity