Deck 47: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Question 1

The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)decreases for premature infants when they are born after _____ weeks of gestation.

A) 16
B) 20
C) 24
D) 30

Answer 1

30

Question 2

Paradoxical breathing is an ominous sign in premature infants.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn is:

A) low birth weight.
B) alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
C) premature birth.
D) smoking during pregnancy.

Answer 3

premature birth.

Question 4

Which of the following types of croup is most common?

A) Bacterial
B) Viral
C) Fungal
D) Autoimmune

Question 5

Which statement about the advances in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)of the newborn is false?

A) Administering glucocorticoids to women in preterm labor accelerates the maturation of the fetus's lungs.
B) Administering oxygen to mothers during preterm labor to increase their arterial oxygen before birth of the fetus.
C) Instilling exogenous surfactant down an endotracheal tube of infants weighing less than 1000g.
D) Supporting the infant's respiratory function by using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Question 6

Signs of acute respiratory failure remain the same regardless of etiology.

Question 7

Chest wall compliance in infants is __________ in adults.

A) lower than
B) higher than
C) the same as
D) variable,unlike

Question 8

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)infects nearly 100% of children in the United States by 2 or 3 years of age.

Question 9

A child has rhinorrhea,sore throat,and a low-grade fever,which is followed by a seal-like barking cough.These clinical manifestations are indicative of which upper airway disorder?

A) Epiglottis
B) Retropharyngeal abscess
C) Bacterial tracheitis
D) Croup

Question 10

The primary problem in respiratory distress syndrome (RSD)of the newborn is:

A) consolidation.
B) pulmonary edema.
C) atelectasis.
D) bronchiolar plugging.

Question 11

About 75% of aspirated foreign objects in children lodge in the bronchus.

Question 12

Which of the following shows a correct sequence of events after atelectasis develops in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?

A) Increased pulmonary vascular resistance,atelectasis,hypoperfusion
B) Pulmonary hypoperfusion,hypoxic vasoconstriction,right-to-left shunt
C) Respiratory acidosis,hypoxemia,hypercapnia
D) Right-to-left shunt,hypoxic vasoconstriction,hypoperfusion

Question 13

Asthma is one of the leading chronic illnesses in children and has become more prevalent in the past two decades.

Question 14

Infants up to 3 months of age are obligatory mouth breathers.

Question 15

The most common predisposing factor to obstructive sleep apnea of childhood is adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Question 16

What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)of the newborn?

A) An immature immune system
B) Small alveoli
C) A surfactant deficiency
D) Anemia

Question 17

Surfactant production is being produced by the fourth week of gestation.

Question 18

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

A) They are obligatory nose breathers.
B) Their noses are small in diameter.
C) They become dehydrated when mouth breathing.
D) Their tonsils,adenoids,and epiglottis are proportionally greater than an adult's.

Question 19

All alveoli are present and functioning at birth.

Question 20

Children with chronic asthma have clubbing of fingers and toes.

Question 21

Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by _____ infection.

A) respiratory syncytial virus
B) influenza virus
C) adenoviruses
D) Epstein-Barr virus

Question 22

MATCHING
Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
Bronchial problems

A)Sonorous snoring
B)Muffled voice
C)High-pitched inspiratory sound,voice change,hoarse
D)Expiratory stridor or central wheeze
E)Expiratory wheezes

Question 23

Sudden infant death syndrome occurs most often between _____ and _____ months of age.

A) 1;2
B) 3;4
C) 5;6
D) 6;7

Question 24

Which description is indicative of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

A) An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction,bronchial hyperreactivity,and inflammation.
B) A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia,decreased pulmonary compliance,and diffuse densities on chest x-ray.
C) A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways,pancreas,sweat ducts,and vas deferens.
D) A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency.

Question 25

MATCHING
Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
Nasal problems,foreign body,polyps,or choanal atresia

A)Sonorous snoring
B)Muffled voice
C)High-pitched inspiratory sound,voice change,hoarse
D)Expiratory stridor or central wheeze
E)Expiratory wheezes

Question 26

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),how does diffuse pulmonary thrombosis contribute to pulmonary edema?

A) By decreasing the osmotic pressure
B) By increasing the capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) By increasing the pulmonary capillary permeability
D) By allowing the retention of sodium and water

Question 27

Which cytokines are activated in childhood asthma that produce an allergic response?

A) Interleukin 1 (Il-1),interleukin 2 (Il-2),and interferon alpha (IFN-a)
B) Interleukin 8 (Il-8),interleukin 12 (Il-12),and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)
C) Interleukin 4 (Il-4),interleukin 10 (Il-10),and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
D) Interleukin 4 (Il-4),interleukin 5 (Il-5),and interleukin 13 (Il-13)

Question 28

What effect does the release of fibroblast growth factors have in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A) Atelectasis and decreased lung compliance
B) Disruption of alveolar-capillary membrane
C) Pulmonary hypertension
D) Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 29

What are the clinical manifestations of viral pneumonia in children?

A) Mild to high fever,cough,rhinorrhea,crackles,rhonchi,and wheezes
B) High fever,productive cough,and pleuritic chest pain
C) Decreased breath sounds in areas of consolidation and dyspnea
D) Increased respiratory rate and respiratory alkalosis

Question 30

Cystic fibrosis is caused by:

A) autosomal recessive inheritance.
B) autosomal dominant inheritance.
C) infection.
D) malignancy.

Question 31

Which description is indicative of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A) An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction,bronchial hyperreactivity,and inflammation.
B) A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia,decreased pulmonary compliance,and diffuse densities on chest x-ray.
C) A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that line the airways,pancreas,sweat ducts,and vas deferens.
D) A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency.

Question 32

MATCHING
Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
Tracheal problems

A)Sonorous snoring
B)Muffled voice
C)High-pitched inspiratory sound,voice change,hoarse
D)Expiratory stridor or central wheeze
E)Expiratory wheezes

Question 33

Which description is indicative of childhood asthma?

A) An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction,bronchial hyperreactivity,and inflammation.
B) A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia,decreased pulmonary compliance,and diffuse densities on chest x-ray.
C) A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that line the airways,pancreas,sweat ducts,and vas deferens.
D) A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency.

Question 34

MATCHING
Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
Laryngeal problems

A)Sonorous snoring
B)Muffled voice
C)High-pitched inspiratory sound,voice change,hoarse
D)Expiratory stridor or central wheeze
E)Expiratory wheezes

Question 35

Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma?

A) CD4 T-helper Th₁ lymphocytes
B) CD4 T-helper Th₂ lymphocytes
C) CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
D) Memory T-lymphocyte

Question 36

Which arterial blood gases values would be expected in the acute phase of childhood asthma?

A) pH 7.6,PaCO₂ 35 mm Hg,HCO₃ 32 mEq/L
B) pH 7.4,PaCO₂ 40 mm Hg,HCO₃ 24 mEq/L
C) pH 7.5,PaCO₂ 30 mm Hg,HCO₃ 26 mEq/L
D) pH 7.2,PaCO₂ 20 mm Hg,HCO₃ 30 mEq/L

Question 37

MATCHING
Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
Pharyngeal problems

A)Sonorous snoring
B)Muffled voice
C)High-pitched inspiratory sound,voice change,hoarse
D)Expiratory stridor or central wheeze
E)Expiratory wheezes

Question 38

Which immunoglobulin is present in childhood asthma?

A) Immunoglobulin M
B) Immunoglobulin G
C) Immunoglobulin E
D) Immunoglobulin A

Question 39

What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

A) A deficit of interleukin 1 (Il-1)and an excess of interleukin 4 (Il-4),interleukin 12 (Il-12),and interferon alpha (INF-a)
B) A deficit of interleukin 6 (Il-6)and an excess of interleukin 2 (Il-2),interleukin 8 (Il-8),and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CG-CSF)
C) A deficit of interleukin 10 (Il-10)and an excess of interleukin 1 (Il-1),interleukin 8 (Il-8),and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)
D) A deficit of interleukin 3 (Il-3)and an excess of interleukin 14 (Il-14),interleukin 24 (Il-24),and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

Question 40

What effect does damage to the type II pneumocytes have in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A) Atelectasis and decreased lung compliance
B) Disruption of alveolar-capillary membrane
C) Pulmonary hypertension
D) Pulmonary fibrosis