Deck 7: Policing Methods and Challenges: Issues of Force, Liability, Technologies

Question 1

The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing stated that law enforcement should embrace which of the following mindsets?

A) warrior mindset
B) soldier mindset
C) guardian mindset
D) justice mindset

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Your friend, Aria, notes that her recent interaction with a state highway patrol officer has made her suspicious of law enforcement. When you ask her why, she notes that the officer was very cold and uncommunicative. She also adds that the officer did not even tell her what the citation was for----he simply asked for license and registration, wrote her a citation and left the scene. Which pillar of procedural justice did the highway patrol officer primarily neglect?

A) fairness to all
B) voice
C) openness of process
D) impartiality

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following allows the department of justice to compel a police department to change its policies, practices, or training?

A) constitutional policing
B) procedural justice
C) consent decree
D) police legitimacy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Robert is a police officer who has been reassigned to a precinct riddled with violent crime and drug activity. Before starting on his first day, Robert decides that he will do everything in his power to control crime in his new precinct. To that end, he tells his partner that together they will "take back" the precinct. Which of the following does this most exemplify?

A) warrior mindset
B) protector mindset
C) justice mindset
D) guardian mindset

Question 5

What pillar of procedural justice does the creation of a nationwide database that tracks officer-involved shootings in the United States seek to support?

A) fairness to all
B) voice
C) openness of process
D) impartiality

Question 6

Diversifying police agencies may help develop harmony by emphasizing which pillar of procedural justice?

A) fairness to all
B) voice
C) transparency
D) unbiased decision making

Question 7

A U.S. Supreme Court ruling notes that use of force must be ______.

A) judiciously merited in unsafe circumstances
B) implemented when apprehending those suspected of extremely violent crimes
C) implemented when suspects actively resist arrest
D) objectively reasonable in view of all facts

Question 8

Which of the following was one point of controversy that arose during the weeks of protest after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri?

A) the Human Rights Watch noting a small minority of officers commit human rights violations
B) the thousands of demonstrations and "die-ins" held nationwide
C) the creation of a university course called "Black Lives Matter"
D) the state's use of military equipment and tactics

Question 9

In recent years, the number of females in the policy force have ______.

A) doubled
B) slightly decreased
C) stayed the same
D) slightly increased

Question 10

A community stages demonstrations that protest the moral authority of their local police department. During the protest, demonstrators avoid cooperating with police and advocate that citizens video tape all interactions with police in case it becomes a negative encounter. In this example, there is a low level of ______.

A) procedural justice
B) constitutional policing
C) a guardian mindset
D) police legitimacy

Question 11

Which of the following is a reason police brutality persists according to the Human Rights Watch's report responding to excessive use of force?

A) A majority of police officers repeatedly commit human rights violations.
B) Systems of reporting are flawed and lack accountability.
C) It is difficult to define objectively reasonable forms of force.
D) There is a lack of information on appropriate use of force among police departments.

Question 12

Americans allow police officers the right to use force assuming that police officers will use it ______.

A) any time they are in an unsafe situation
B) against those they believe have committed crimes
C) judiciously and as a last resort
D) to maintain peace and order

Question 13

Upon starting a new job as a law enforcement officer with a local police department, Korey makes it her goal to build public trust with community members. Which type of mindset has Korey employed?

A) warrior mindset
B) soldier mindset
C) justice mindset
D) guardian mindset

Question 14

Which of the following is the foundation of community policing?

A) constitutional policing
B) procedural justice
C) openness of process
D) unbiased decision making

Question 15

A local police department creates policies that help maintain peace but also protects citizen's rights to peaceably assemble in protest. Which of the following does this exemplify?

A) warrior mindset
B) soldier mindset
C) constitutional policing
D) police legitimacy

Question 16

Women currently comprise what percentage of the total police force?

A) 2%
B) 10%
C) 12%
D) 20%

Question 17

A high number of police shooting that began in the U.S. in 2014 often involved unarmed ______.

A) demonstrators
B) juveniles
C) women
D) minorities

Question 18

How do the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act along and consent decrees seek to reduce and prevent police brutality?

A) by providing a means for citizens to express their opinions
B) by providing greater oversight and accountability to policing practices
C) by implementing constitutional policing on a nationwide scale
D) by implementing procedural justice and police legitimacy

Question 19

Which of the following resulted from the 2014 police shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri?

A) a U.S. Supreme Court ruling on appropriate use of force
B) a U.S. Department of Justice report on widespread racial abuses by police
C) subsequent police shootings of minorities in other cities
D) statement on ineffectiveness of police from James Baldwin, African American sociologist

Question 20

The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing was created in response to which of the following?

A) an unusually high number of police shootings
B) a U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on use of force
C) a Human Rights Watch report on excessive force
D) a James Baldwin piece on police in Harlem

Question 21

Section 1983 lawsuits represent the notion of ______ liability.

A) personal
B) restricted
C) vicarious
D) limited

Question 22

A police officer operating a patrol car while driving drunk can be subject to which type of tort?

A) accidental
B) negligent
C) intentional
D) constitutional

Question 23

Proximate cause is established when there is a factor that ______.

A) indicates one party was morally responsible for harm to another
B) contributed in large part to an event that caused harm
C) indirectly led to an event that caused harm
D) may be responsible for some harm

Question 24

Which term refers to the intentional illegal detention of a person?

A) false imprisonment
B) false arrest
C) double jeopardy
D) civil liability

Question 25

Which of the following describes a police officer who unlawfully physically restrains a person without probable cause?

A) false imprisonment
B) false arrest
C) double jeopardy
D) civil liability

Question 26

Which of the following is the burden of proof in criminal cases?

A) beyond a reasonable doubt
B) by a preponderance evidence
C) beyond a shadow of a doubt
D) by an absolute certainty

Question 27

Why might a police agency have women police executives serving as role models?

A) to increase adoption of authoritarian style of policing
B) to make the policing field more attractive to women
C) to provide guidance on appropriate uses of force
D) to show that female officers are equally competent officers

Question 28

Which of the following would be an example of proximate cause?

A) An officer pursuing a speeding vehicle causes a fatal collision with a third vehicle.
B) An officer shoots a suspect who charges at him with a large knife.
C) An officer responding to an emergency call is hit by another vehicle, causing serious injuries to the other occupants.
D) An officer in a foot pursuit trips on road debris and injures himself.

Question 29

Which of the following refers to the most difficult form of police brutality to overcome?

A) police officers issuing citations and apprehending suspects
B) police officers representing the majority group's law
C) police officers using verbal slurs or epithets
D) police officers inflicting physical harm on citizens

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of police brutality?

A) A police officer who has obtained a search warrant searches a suspect's vehicle.
B) A police officer arrests a Caucasian suspect who attempted to flee from the scene of a crime.
C) A police officer uses a racial slur when speaking to a Korean immigrant.
D) A police officer issues a citation to a driver who was swerving in between lanes of traffic.

Question 31

Why is it impossible to know how often police brutality truly occurs?

A) Reports of brutality are not consistently maintained.
B) Police officers are apprehensive to report colleagues.
C) It is difficult to clearly define brutality.
D) They are often low-visibility acts.

Question 32

Which of the following is a primary concern surrounding use of body-worn cameras?

A) cost
B) privacy
C) transparency
D) legitimacy

Question 33

According to research by the National Center for Women and Policing, female officers are less likely to ______.

A) use communication skills that defuse situations
B) respond to crimes against women
C) implement community-oriented policing
D) use excessive force

Question 34

Which term describes the unnecessary use of force by police against citizens?

A) consent decree
B) police brutality
C) procedural justice
D) constitutional policing

Question 35

According to research conducted by the National Center for Women and Policing, a female officer would more effectively respond to which crime as opposed to a male colleague?

A) a male citizen who is speeding
B) a male victim of a robbery
C) a female citizen who is driving recklessly
D) a female victim of domestic violence

Question 36

The general authority of Section 1983 is that it allows for lawsuits against ______.

A) employers for illegal and discriminatory policies
B) employees when the employee has acted unlawfully
C) employers and employees who engage in racial discrimination
D) employers and supervisors for the unlawful actions of employees

Question 37

In tort law, which term refers to the basis for which a cause of action is made to recover damages?

A) mediation
B) restoration
C) civil liability
D) victim restitution

Question 38

Which of the following is one of the two important questions raised by use of body-worn cameras?

A) Who will fund body-worn camera equipment?
B) How will all footage be made available to the public?
C) Where will all the videos be stored?
D) When should the cameras be used?

Question 39

A police officer who encounters a sleeping homeless person and uses his nightstick to beat the man unconscious could be subject to which type of tort?

A) accidental
B) negligent
C) intentional
D) deliberate

Question 40

Which of the following has led to a call for officers to wear body-worn cameras?

A) citizens capturing potential cases of improper use of force on cell phones
B) empirical data showing a sharp rise in police brutality
C) findings from The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing
D) increase in the number of consent decrees issued in recent years

Question 41

______ lawsuits represent the notion of vicarious liability.

A) False arrest
B) Section 1983
C) Negligence
D) Civil liability

Question 42

Which of the following refers to a factor that contributed in large part to an event that caused harm?

A) Section 1983
B) respondeat superior
C) duty of care
D) proximate cause

Question 43

Which of the following should be built into the cost of using cellular systems for policing?

A) dispatch apps
B) facial composite apps
C) encryption capability
D) protective casing

Question 44

Which of the following allows law enforcement to access electronic messages greater than 180 days old without a warrant?

A) Section 1983
B) superior respondeat
C) consent decree
D) Stored Communication Act

Question 45

Which of the following is true regarding guidelines for new technology use and privacy rights?

A) There are many municipal codes that clearly define privacy rights in new technology.
B) Privacy rights and technology use guidelines are consistently defined in court decisions.
C) Use of all technology to track criminals without a warrant violates the Fourth Amendment.
D) Laws are limited and unclear regarding new technologies and privacy rights.

Question 46

A state water patrol trooper arrests a woman for being intoxicated and operating a boat on a public lake. After handcuffing the woman, the officer straps a lifejacket around the woman and begins to drive his boat quickly to the dock. While accelerating, the woman falls into the water. Since the lifejacket was not secured correctly, the woman is unable to tread water and drowns. Which of the following has the officer neglected?

A) duty of care
B) vicarious liability
C) consent decree
D) respondeat superior

Question 47

Which of the following is a drawback of using smartphones in policing?

A) decreased availability of training videos
B) accidental sharing of confidential information
C) limited ability to review criminal databases
D) lack of phone security and encryption

Question 48

A police officer detains a man for driving while intoxicated. After bail is posted for the man, the police still refuse to release him. This is an example of which of the following?

A) false arrest
B) false imprisonment
C) negligence
D) invasion of privacy

Question 49

Upon which of the following is vicarious responsibility based?

A) duty of care
B) proximate cause
C) consent decree
D) respondeat superior

Question 50

What has the U.S. Supreme Court ruled with regard to high-speed police pursuits?

A) Officers are prohibited from engaging in any high-speed pursuits unless the suspect is fleeing after committing a violent felony.
B) Officers who break off a high-speed chase and let the fleeing suspect continue can be held liable for any injuries the suspect sustains if they subsequently crash their vehicle.
C) An officer is legally allowed to stop a high-speed chase by ramming a fleeing suspect's car, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury.
D) An officer violates Fourth Amendment rights when who stopping a high-speed chase by ramming a fleeing suspect's car because it constitutes an illegal "seizure" of the vehicle.

Question 51

Which of the following describes a failure to perform a duty owed?

A) negligence
B) false arrest
C) assault
D) civil liability

Question 52

Why are there not rulings on the constitutionality of many IT tools?

A) There is disagreement over the use of these tools.
B) Many of the tools are very new.
C) Different municipalities use vastly different technologies.
D) There are not enough IT tools to merit rulings on their use.

Question 53

What kind of privacy expectations are there for electronically stored information?

A) Individuals do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy for electronically stored information.
B) Individuals have limited expectations of privacy if they have encrypted the electronically stored information.
C) Individuals' expectation of privacy for electronically stored information is the same as for physical papers and other documents.
D) Rights to privacy provisions for electronically stored information have yet to be clarified by the Courts and law.

Question 54

Many Freedom of information laws were intended to govern the release of which of the following?

A) videos
B) voice recordings
C) written documents
D) GPS data

Question 55

Which of the following is a benefit of using social media for policing?

A) increased privacy for citizens
B) increased efficiency for officers
C) enables officers to achieved greater success in undercover operations
D) enables supervisors to maintain better control during responses to crime

Question 56

The three categories of torts that are typically filed against criminal justice professionals include negligence, ______ torts, and constitutional torts.

A) civil
B) intentional
C) accidental
D) malicious

Question 57

The ______ Amendment protects against the use of excessive force.

A) Fourth
B) Fifth
C) Sixth
D) Tenth

Question 58

Which is a primary concern in using new technology for policing?

A) cost of equipment
B) wrongful conviction
C) privacy
D) equality

Question 59

In general, police policy manuals and supervisors order officers to terminate high-speed pursuits ______.

A) regardless of the circumstances
B) at the officer's discretion
C) in cases when there is excessive traffic in the vicinity
D) in every case except when the suspect poses a danger to others

Question 60

An officer leaves the scene of a domestic violence call where the wife says the husband hit her and will continue to do so if her husband is not arrested. The officer can be held liable for which type of negligence if the wife is killed later that evening by her husband?

A) vicarious liability
B) proximate cause
C) failure to protect
D) duty of care

Question 61

Many wiretap laws were written when land-line telephones were predominantly used. This is an example of legislation that does not ______.

A) reflect current realities
B) require amendment
C) balance privacy rights with technology use
D) maintain consistent legitimacy in different communities

Question 62

An 18-year-old receives a remote control airplane as a birthday gift. The plane is nearly 60 pounds and had an attachment for a camera. Which of the following would this be considered?

A) wiretap
B) drone
C) cellular device
D) GPS

Question 63

Officer liability may be tied to proximate cause, a concept that states the officer's intentional or wrongful actions caused harm to others.

Question 64

Communication from which of the following may be used as evidence to attack an officer's character in a court of law?

A) drone
B) smartphone
C) global positioning system
D) automatic license plate recognition

Question 65

Which of the following would be subject to registration with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)?

A) global positioning system device
B) automatic license plate recognition
C) smartphone
D) drone

Question 66

Police supervisors can be found liable in certain instances for the wrongful acts of a police officer.

Question 67

Our society recognizes a single legitimate form of force: the right to self-defense.

Question 68

Which of the following describes a controversial use of drones?

A) officers surveilling of persons intending to commit crimes
B) hobbyists capturing video footage for special events
C) officers patrolling certain borders for illegal entry into the country
D) hobbyists collecting photographs of a particular landscape

Question 69

A police officer must obtain a subpoena or court order to obtain which of the following?

A) Instagram messages you sent to a friend last year
B) e-mails you sent to a professor last month
C) text messages from someone you dated 7 months ago
D) comments you posted to a private forum two years ago

Question 70

An officer who illegally detains a citizen because the citizen was disrespectful can be sued for malicious prosecution.

Question 71

Which of the following exemplifies concerns surrounding the legitimacy of IT?

A) New technology is produced faster than legislation can be written.
B) Different communities prioritize privacy over crime fighting more than others.
C) Some legislation was written decades ago and no longer applies.
D) Certain applications streamline the reception of 911 calls.

Question 72

Requiring drone owners and operators to obtain insurance achieves which of the following goals?

A) to control the number of drones in an airspace at a given time
B) to avoid accidents involving drones and other aircraft
C) to make owners financially responsible for injuries and improper use of drones
D) to decrease the likelihood of terrorists using drones for illicit activities

Question 73

When it comes to use of new IT tools, police officers are often ______.

A) quickly refer to statutes pertinent to the technology's use
B) able to garner community-wide support for its use
C) cautious to implement use until it has been legally defined
D) experimenting without knowledge of the constitutionality of their actions

Question 74

False arrest is the arrest of a person without probable cause.

Question 75

The legislation surrounding drones and drone use has focused on which of the following?

A) make drones identifiable
B) reduce drones use
C) require training for drones
D) ensure equal access to drones

Question 76

Police brutality is the unnecessary use of force by the police against citizens that results in injury.

Question 77

A tort is a criminal wrong.

Question 78

Police officers are responsible for keeping suspects they have arrested safe.

Question 79

There are no limitations on when an officer may exercise nondeadly force.

Question 80

Problems of police-minority relations are not a recent phenomenon.