Deck 1: Childhood and Delinquency

Question 1

Urbanization generated the belief that certain segments of the population (youths in urban areas,immigrants)were susceptible to the influences of their decaying environment.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson,ego identity is formed during early childhood when the ego learns to control the superego.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Among the policies identified by the Children's Defense Fund that feed the cradle to prison pipeline are zero tolerance school policies and tougher sentencing guidelines.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In 1967,the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice suggested that the juvenile justice system must provide underprivileged youths with opportunities for success,including jobs and education.

Question 5

Educational achievement scores between children in affluent and low-income families have been widening over the years.

Question 6

The concept of childhood as we know it today was firmly established in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Question 7

Unlike adult defendants,children do not have the right to consult an attorney or the right to confront witnesses.

Question 8

Prior to the twentieth century,little distinction was made between adult and juvenile offenders.

Question 9

While teen smoking and drinking rates are currently low,their use of heroin and crack cocaine is higher than in the past.

Question 10

​Charles Loring Brace was most known for his creation of the "Children's Aid Society," the concept of relocating orphaned children from urban environments to more rural environments to begin new lives.

Question 11

About 5.5 million youths under the age of 18 are arrested each year.

Question 12

The House of Refuge was developed to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a familylike environment.

Question 13

Poor laws requiring poor and dependent children to serve apprenticeships were popular in England but never gained momentum in the American colonies.

Question 14

In the United States,early colonists viewed family violence as a sin,which led to the first child protection laws in the late 1630s.

Question 15

The master-apprentice relationship was dissimilar to the parent-child relationship in that the master did not have complete authority over the apprentice.

Question 16

Although the child-saver movement was successful for a short period,state legislation in the lives of children died out by 1850 due to the Civil War and other political movements.​

Question 17

Kids who leave foster care (age out)without family support are at an elevated risk of becoming homeless,unemployed,and incarcerated.

Question 18

Child-saving organizations influenced state legislatures to enact laws to commit runaway children to institutions because they believed these children were a threat to the moral fabric of society.​

Question 19

The medieval child has been described as a "miniature adult" who began to work and accept adult roles at an early age and was treated with great cruelty.

Question 20

The Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1601 created a system of church wardens and overseers who,with the consent of justices of the peace,identified vagrant,delinquent,and neglected children and put them to work.

Question 21

Most states define minor child as an individual who falls under a statutory age limit,most commonly 13 years of age.

Question 22

Status offenses are illegal only because of the minority status of the offender.​

Question 23

Which of the following is false about the long-lasting negative effects of child poverty?

A)Educational achievement scores have been closed between children in affluent and low-income families.
B)Family wealth is an increasingly important determinant of high school graduation and college attendance.
C)Mental and physical health is impaired due to poverty.
D)Social behavior differs because of socioeconomic status.

Question 24

Under early British jurisprudence,children under the age of 7 were legally incapable of committing crimes.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about children in the United States is false?

A)Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school.
B)Proportionately Hispanic and Black children are about three times as likely to be poor than their white peers.
C)The younger the child,the more likely they are to live in extreme poverty.
D)It is now estimated that only 10 percent of fourth-graders in U.S.public schools cannot read at grade level.

Question 26

Since 1990,there have been no cases in which parents have been ordered to serve time in jail because their children have been truant from school.

Question 27

A hundred and fifty years ago girls matured sexually at age 16.Today they do so at _____ years of age.

A)11
B)12.5
C)13
D)15

Question 28

According to the text,status offenders are never detained or incarcerated with delinquents.

Question 29

Cyberbullying is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text. According to the text,which of the following statements is false with regard to this phenomenon?

A)Adolescent girls are significantly more likely to experience cyberbullying.
B)Boys are more likely to spread rumors online.
C)A cyberbully's online power may stem from Net proficiency.
D)Research indicates that one out of every five kids has been cyberbullied.

Question 30

Adults 25 years of age and older with less than a high school diploma earn ______ percent less than those who have earned a high school diploma.

A)5
B)10
C)30
D)20

Question 31

According to Erik Erikson,role diffusion occurs when youths:

A)develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for
B)experience personal growth through extensive parental intervention
C)experience uncertainty when they place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves
D)realize that they have developed a spoiled identity

Question 32

__________________ is formed when youths develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.

A)Alter ego
B)Ego identity
C)Role diffusion
D)Ego transformation

Question 33

Juvenile courts do not have jurisdiction over noncriminal status offenders.​

Question 34

Research studies have consistently found that strict enforcement of curfew laws actually increases juvenile crime rates during curfew hours.

Question 35

The act that created the OJJDP was amended in 1987 to allow status offenders to be detained for violating valid court orders.

Question 36

State control over a child's noncriminal behavior supports the parens patriae philosophy,because it is assumed to be in the best interests of the child.

Question 37

Today there are __________________ children in the United States.

A)45 million
B)65 million
C)75 million
D)105 million

Question 38

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)monitors health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults. Which of the following is true about youth health-risk behaviors from 20 years  ago (roughly 1994)compared to 2013?

A)Fights in high schools have increased by 35 percent.
B)The percentage of students who are sexually active has risen by 18 percent.
C)Condom usage has increased from 51 percent to nearly 80 percent for sexually active teens.
D)The percentage of high school students watching 3 or more hours of television a day has declined by roughly 10 percent.

Question 39

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)is authorized to distribute grants and provide support to those states that developed alternate procedural methods to handle status offenders and improve the juvenile justice system?

Question 40

According to the text,U.S.children and adolescents experience various health and mortality problems.Which of the following statements is false?

A)Less than 20 percent of homes have parks within a half-mile,less limiting physical fitness.
B)About 10 percent of youth do not have health care coverage.
C)The percent of children born at low birth weight has increased.
D)Children spend an all-time high of 2.5 hours a day in front of a screen (TV,computer,games).

Question 41

Several events led to reforms and nourished the eventual development of the juvenile justice system.Which of the following is not one of those events?

A)Urbanization
B)The child-saving movement
C)Institutions for the care of delinquent and neglected children,including houses of refuge
D)Passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

Question 42

The principles motivating reformers who sought a separate justice system for juveniles included all but which of the following?

A)Children should not be held as accountable as adult transgressors.
B)The objective of the juvenile justice system is to treat and rehabilitate rather than punish.
C)Disposition should not take into consideration special circumstances and needs of the youth.
D)The system should avoid the trappings of the adult criminal process with all its confusing rules and procedures.

Question 43

The philosophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care,custody,and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior is:

A)parental inefficacy
B)best interest of the child
C)in loco parentis
D)none of the above

Question 44

Which of the following statements is false regarding the initial establishment of juvenile courts?

A)Jurisdiction was based primarily on a child's noncriminal actions and status,not strictly on a violation of criminal law.
B)Parens patriae philosophy predominated.
C)The process was paternalistic rather than adversarial.
D)Verdicts were based on beyond a reasonable doubt.

Question 45

During the Middle Ages in Great Britain,the chancery courts were established to do all of the following except:

A)protect property rights and seek equitable solutions to disputes and conflicts
B)operate on the proposition that children were under the protective control of the king
C)safeguard orphans' property and inheritance rights and appoint a guardian to protect them until they reached the age of majority
D)have jurisdiction over children charged with criminal conduct

Question 46

In what year did the Illinois Juvenile Court Act begin?

A)1899
B)1925
C)1946
D)1967

Question 47

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children is:

A)paternalistic
B)maternalistic
C)egalitarian
D)matriarchal

Question 48

Under the _______________ movement,children were placed in the care of adults who trained them in specific skills.

A)binding over
B)apprenticeship
C)chancery court
D)primogeniture

Question 49

In the 1960s and 1970s,the U.S.Supreme Court radically altered the juvenile justice system when it issued a series of decisions that established the right of juveniles to receive due process of law. Which right is false?

A)The right to counsel
B)The right to confront witnesses
C)The right to notice of charges
D)The right to bail

Question 50

Voltaire's,Rousseau's,and Locke's vision produced a period known as the _____________________,which stressed a humanistic view of life,freedom,family,reason,and law.

A)Dark Ages
B)Enlightenment
C)Renaissance
D)Classical period

Question 51

Which of the following statements best describes the child savers?

A)They relocated needy urban children to foster families in the Western United States.
B)They lobbied to close the juvenile justice system because of its record of abuses.
C)They raised the standard of living for the urban poor by providing job training.
D)They lobbied for a separate legal status for children.

Question 52

Which of the following is not among the first juvenile institutions and organizations?

A)Children's Aid Society
B)Orphan trains
C)Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
D)Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Question 53

According to the text,youths who have been arrested four or more times and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts are known as the:

A)chronic juvenile offenders
B)terminally criminal
C)deviant minority
D)recidivists 10 percent

Question 54

These allowed for the appointment of overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent,where they were trained in agricultural,trade,or domestic services.

A)Poor Laws
B)Primogeniture
C)Parens patriae legislation
D)CHINS Doctrine

Question 55

Nineteenth-century reformers,known as ________________,developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system;today some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than with their welfare.

A)The League of Progressive Voters
B)child savers
C)The United Youth Council
D)Up with People

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the parens patriae philosophy of the juvenile court ?

A)Best interests of the child
B)Best interests of the government
C)Best interests of the community
D)Deterrence,retribution,and rehabilitation

Question 57

Which of the following statements about children in the Middle Ages is false?

A)Children of all classes were subjected to stringent rules and regulations.
B)Girls were educated at home and married in their early teens.
C)Children were expected to undertake responsibilities early in their lives.
D)The parent-child relationship was particularly close and loving.

Question 58

The legislation passed to form the first juvenile court was:

A)Illinois Juvenile Court Act
B)Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control (JDP)Act
C)Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
D)Elizabethan Poor Laws

Question 59

Which key provision of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act is false?

A)A separate court was established for delinquent and neglected children.
B)Special procedures were developed to govern the adjudication of juvenile matters.
C)Children were to be separated from adults in institutional programs only.
D)Probation programs were to be developed to assist the court in making decisions in the best interests of the state and the child.

Question 60

According to the text,what established juvenile delinquency as a legal concept?

A)Illinois Juvenile Court Act
B)Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control (JDP)Act
C)Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
D)Elizabethan Poor Laws

Question 61

____________ is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.

Question 62

Running away and underage consumption of alcohol represent:

A)delinquent offenses
B)status offenses
C)stepping stones to delinquency
D)category one crimes

Question 63

Depending upon case circumstances,Steven's parents may be held civilly responsible for his conduct because he is a minor,under the concept of:

A)stare decisis
B)osmosis
C)bad apples
D)vicarious liability

Question 64

If found delinquent,his case disposition ideally will be based on what?

A)Community desires
B)Victim preference
C)Need for treatment
D)Need for punishment

Question 65

Which of the following statements about parental liability laws is false?

A)Some states require parents to reimburse the government for the costs of detention or care of their children.
B)Some states require parents to make restitution payments to victims.
C)All states have yet to place limits on the amount recovery victims can receive.
D)Some states require parents and children to participate in counseling and community service activities.

Question 66

_________________ is defined as criminal behavior engaged in by a minor.

Question 67

"________________ youths" are young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure,substance abuse,and early sexuality.

Question 68

As defined by the textbook,the term _________________ refers to youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts.

Question 69

By being out at 1 A.M. ,what additional law has Jennifer broken?

A)CHINS law
B)Wayward minor law
C)Curfew laws
D)Bindover law

Question 70

Due to the seriousness of the crime,state legislation mandates transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecution. This process is known as:

A)waiver
B)parens patriae
C)primogeniture
D)lex talionis

Question 71

States classify status offenders using different terms. Which term listed is false?

A)Unruly child
B)Incorrigible child
C)Minor in need of supervision
D)Delinquent

Question 72

Many states enacted or strengthened existing parental liability statutes that make parents criminally liable for the actions of their delinquent children.These laws can generally fall into one of three categories. Which category is false?

A)Vicarious involvement
B)Civil liability
C)General involvement
D)Criminal liability

Question 73

In 1967,the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice,organized by President Lyndon Johnson,helped change the shape of juvenile justice in all but which of the following ways?

A)Suggesting that the juvenile justice system must provide underprivileged youths with opportunities for success,including jobs and education
B)Recognizing the need to develop effective law enforcement procedures to control hard-core offenders while also granting them due process.
C)Acting as a catalyst for passage of the federal Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control (JDP)Act of 1968
D)Passing the Omnibus Safe Streets and Crime Control Act

Question 74

"__________________" minors is the original early designation of youths who violate the law because of their minority status.

A)Reckless
B)Offending
C)Deviant
D)Wayward

Question 75

What is the term that refers to a minor child who has been found to violate the penal code?

A)Juvenile delinquent
B)Status offender
C)Wayward minor
D)Chronic offender

Question 76

Under the JJDPA and its subsequent reauthorizations,what were states required to do in order to receive federal funds?

A)Remove status offenders from secure detention and lockups
B)Waive a determined amount of juveniles to the adult system
C)Provide written guidelines for juvenile court judge
D)Detain status offenders in secure facilities

Question 77

Whereas adults are tried in court,juveniles are:

A)disposed
B)treated
C)adjudicated
D)bound

Question 78

______________________ occurs when youths experience uncertainty and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot mold for themselves.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is false?  Juveniles transferred to adult courts:

A)are often punished more severely than they would have been if treated as a minor
B)may find themselves serving time in adult prisons
C)find that the parens patriae concept is still applied to them
D)can be treated in a manner similar to adults

Question 80

According to Erik Erikson,______________ is formed when persons develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.