Deck 4: Sociological Views of Delinquency

Question 1

Areas that are gentrified were formerly affluent areas that became rundown and downsized over time.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Socialization is the process of learning the values and norms of the society or the subculture to which the individual belongs.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Relative deprivation occurs when pockets of extreme poverty are socially and physically isolated from the rest of society.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Operation Weed and Seed is based on social structure theory as a prevention strategy.

Question 5

Cohesive communities have high levels of social control and integration and develop a sense of collective efficacy.

Question 6

According to Merton,when personal goals cannot be achieved using available means anomie occurs.

Question 7

According to cultural deviance theory,obedience to the norms of their subculture puts people in conflict with the norms of the dominant culture.

Question 8

Robert Agnew's general strain theory holds that strain originates solely with the failure to achieve goals.

Question 9

According to cultural deviance theory,people who adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them seek alternatives,such as crime.

Question 10

According to social control theory,a person's bond to society prevents him or her from violating social rules;if the bond weakens,the person is free to commit delinquent acts.

Question 11

Learning theories assume that children are born good and learn to be bad.

Question 12

According to social disorganization theory,neighborhoods that are disorganized are incapable of effective social control.

Question 13

Social structure theories contend that socioeconomic conditions and cultural values are associated with crime.

Question 14

Social control theory proposes that people's relationships,commitments,values,norms,and beliefs encourage them not to break the law.

Question 15

Social learning theory stresses that kids learn both how to commit crimes and the attitudes needed to support the behavior.

Question 16

Hirschi's social control theory contends that if an individual's bond to conventional society is weak or broken,the individual is free to commit crimes without fear of the informal consequences.

Question 17

For most people,membership in the underclass is temporary often lasting a few months.

Question 18

According to social disorganization theory,all people have the potential to become delinquents,but their bonds to conventional society prevent them from violating the law.

Question 19

The underclass are those who are left out of the economic mainstream and reduced to living in the most deteriorated inner-city areas.

Question 20

According to Elijah Anderson,the code of the streets defines two cultural forces that socially organize inner-city communities;these cultural forces are decent and street.

Question 21

According to the social disorganization view,a healthy,organized community has the ability to regulate itself so that common goals can be achieved;this is referred to as:

A)social disorganization
B)cultural transmission
C)social control
D)social learning

Question 22

The concept of social disorganization was first recognized by sociologists:

A)Hirschi and Merton
B)Agnew and Lewis
C)Sutherland and Platt
D)Shaw and McKay

Question 23

Which of the following best describes social disorganization theory principles?

A)Offenders choose to commit crimes because the benefits outweigh the costs.
B)Communities no longer have the capability of regulating the conduct of residents.
C)More individuals who have psychological and physical traits for crime live there.
D)Youths model the behavior of older residents and internalize prosocial behaviors.

Question 24

The process of transforming a lower-class area into a middle-class enclave through property rehabilitation is called:

A)transitional neighborhoods
B)cultural transmission
C)social control
D)gentrification

Question 25

Which of the following is not among the concepts that define contemporary social disorganization theory?

A)Collective efficacy
B)Relative deprivation
C)Gentrification
D)Cultural deviance

Question 26

William Julius Wilson described the members of the urban underclass as the:

A)enabled poor
B)truly disadvantaged
C)transitional poor
D)relative poverty stricken

Question 27

Shaw and McKay called areas where delinquency rates were high and had changed from affluence to decay _________________________.

A)transitional neighborhoods
B)disadvantaged neighborhoods
C)community disparity
D)cultural transmission

Question 28

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a youth receives negative feedback from significant others,the youth interprets this feedback as accurate,and his or her behavior conforms to this negative expectation.

Question 29

Relative deprivation refers to a sense of:

A)injustice when the poor and the rich live in close physical proximity to one another
B)alienation present among inner-city residents caused by crime,violence,and urban fear
C)hostility residents feel once their neighborhood is gentrified
D)none of the above

Question 30

The social structure theories tie delinquency rates to all of the following except:

A)poverty
B)gang culture
C)chronic unemployment
D)socialization

Question 31

________________________ is the process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one generation to the next.

A)Social disorganization
B)Cultural transmission
C)Social control
D)Social learning

Question 32

Labeling theory is primarily concerned with identifying the way society reacts to individuals and the way individuals react to society to shape or influence behavior.

Question 33

Oscar Lewis coined the term __________________ to describe feelings of apathy,helplessness,and mistrust of institutions experienced by the urban poor.

A)anomie
B)learned helplessness
C)culture of poverty
D)truly disadvantaged

Question 34

Which of the following is not one of the critical social factors believed to affect delinquent behaviors presented in the text?

A)Interpersonal interactions
B)Gender disparity
C)Community ecological conditions
D)Social change

Question 35

Which of the following statements about communities on the downswing is false?

A)They are likely to experience increases in the number of single-parent families.
B)They tend to develop mixed-use areas in which commercial and residential properties stand side by side.
C)Because of racial differences in economic well-being,those left behind are all too often White.
D)Poverty becomes highly concentrated as people become despondent and employment opportunities nonexistent.

Question 36

Deinstitutionalization is the removal of juveniles from secure confinements (adult or juvenile)  and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities.

Question 37

 _______________________ theories tie delinquency rates to socioeconomic conditions and cultural values;areas that experience high levels of poverty and social disorganization will also have high delinquency rates.

A)Social structure
B)Social process
C)Social traits
D)Social learning

Question 38

A delinquency prevention strategy associated with social structure theories is after-school programs.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is false?

A)The more often children are exposed to violence within their residential community,the more likely they are to become violent themselves.
B)Inappropriate and disrupted social relations have been linked to crime.
C)Political unrest and economic stress have been found to precede sharp increases in crime rates.
D)Stabilization of traditional social institutions typically precedes crime rate increases.

Question 40

Restorative justice is an approach that relies on nonpunitive strategies for delinquency control.

Question 41

Which statement is false regarding fear in socially disorganized neighborhoods?

A)As fear increases,quality of life deteriorates.
B)People lose respect for the police who cannot seem to protect and serve the community.
C)Fear may convince young people that the only way to protect themselves is to join a gang.
D)While doubtful,many perceive the law as legitimate,responsive,and well equipped to ensure public safety.

Question 42

Which element of Hirschi's social bond is illustrated by maintaining a positive image in the community,good work history,and high aspirations for future accomplishments?

A)Attachment
B)Commitment
C)Involvement
D)Belief

Question 43

According to the code of the streets,young men in poor inner-city neighborhoods build their self-image on the foundation of:

A)values
B)respect
C)anomie
D)stigma

Question 44

Residents of cohesive communities develop a sense of ___________________;people know one another,develop interpersonal ties,mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order.

A)collective efficacy
B)collective worth
C)community narcissism
D)community level anomie

Question 45

People who have been negatively labeled by formal or informal institutions as a result of their participation,or alleged participation,in deviant or outlawed behaviors are thought to be:

A)attached
B)degraded
C)stigmatized
D)gentrified

Question 46

"Delinquency is a result of youths' desire to conform to lower-class neighborhood values that conflict with those of the larger society." This statement most closely reflects:

A)differential association theory
B)social process theory
C)critical theory
D)cultural deviance theory

Question 47

Which of the following theories assumes that all people have the potential to commit crimes but are kept in check by their attachments to society?

A)Social disorganization
B)Social learning
C)Social control
D)Strain

Question 48

_____________________,the source of strain outlined by Robert Agnew,is caused by experiencing child abuse,criminal victimization,school failure,and the presence of drugs and violence in the neighborhood.

A)Presentation of negative stimuli
B)Removal of positive stimulus
C)Disjunction of expectations and achievements
D)Failure to achieve goals

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Poor kids are less likely to commit crimes because they are able to achieve social success in other ways.
B)Kids who live in socially disorganized areas commit crime because the forces of social control have broken down.
C)There is little evidence of a relationship between the elements of socialization and delinquency.
D)Simply living in a violent neighborhood produces violent children.

Question 50

According to Agnew's general strain theory,adolescents engage in delinquency as a result of ______________________ - the anger,frustration,fear,and other adverse emotions that derive from strain.

A)negative affective states
B)relative deprivation
C)psychopathological anomalies
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 51

_____________________,the source of strain outlined by Robert Agnew,can be caused by child abuse,criminal victimization,or school failure.

A)Disjunction of expectations and achievements
B)Removal of positively valued stimuli
C)Presentation of negative stimulus
D)Failure to achieve goals

Question 52

In Hirschi's social control theory,attachment,commitment,involvement,and _____________________ are elements of the bond to society.

A)accountability
B)piety
C)religiosity
D)belief

Question 53

Which of the following theorists is most likely to assert that criminal behavior is learned primarily in interpersonal groups?

A)General strain theorist
B)Differential association theorist
C)Labeling theorist
D)Social control theorist

Question 54

According to Robert Merton,individuals without acceptable means for obtaining success experience:

A)alienation
B)growth and enrichment
C)empathy
D)anomie

Question 55

_____________________,the source of strain outlined by Robert Agnew,can be caused by the loss of a girlfriend,moving to a new neighborhood,or the divorce of parents.

A)Disjunction of expectations and achievements
B)Removal of positively valued stimuli
C)Presentation of negative stimulus
D)Failure to achieve goals

Question 56

Which broad sociological category of theories considers socialization to be the key determinant of behavior?

A)Social structure
B)Critical
C)Social process
D)Social reaction

Question 57

Social control theories view delinquency as the result of:

A)the poor and the rich living in close physical proximity to one another
B)living in an area with weakened community institutions
C)an individual having weakened bonds to family,school,and peers
D)a failure to achieve positive goals in life

Question 58

____________________is the process of guiding people into acceptable behavior patterns through information,approval,rewards,and punishments.

A)Gentrification
B)Socialization
C)Cultural transmission
D)Collective efficacy

Question 59

When the values of a subculture clash with those of the dominant culture,this is called:

A)cultural transmission
B)culture clash
C)culture conflict
D)cultural deviance

Question 60

According to Elijah Anderson,there are two cultural forces running through poor neighborhoods that shape their reactions.These are street values and

A)working poor values
B)decent values
C)ghetto values
D)racial values

Question 61

What statement is false regarding labeling theory?

A)It recognizes that delinquency is not a pathological behavior.
B)It distinguishes between delinquent acts and delinquent careers.
C)It identifies the role played by social control agents in the process of delinquency causation.
D)It finds that positive social attachments help control delinquency.

Question 62

What theory may best explain Kim's engagement in her current source of income?

A)General strain theory
B)Social bond theory
C)Critical theory
D)Social disorganization

Question 63

Oscar Lewis coined the phrase ________________ to describe the crushing burden faced by the urban poor;it is marked by apathy,cynicism,helplessness,and mistrust of institutions.

Question 64

Given the situation of the residents and that they did not take advantage of opportunities available to them,a(n)_______________resulted where there is little chance of upward mobility.

A)collective efficacy
B)underclass
C)culture of poverty
D)anomie

Question 65

A prevention strategy advocated by labeling theorists that requires removing juveniles from secure facilities and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities is called:

A)deinstitutionalization
B)gentrification
C)stigmatization
D)socialization

Question 66

To survive,gangs recruit younger members and pass down delinquent and criminal traditions to ensure survival from one generation to another. This process is known as:

A)cultural transmission
B)relative deprivation
C)social disorganization
D)cultural deviance

Question 67

If a youth continually receives negative feedback from significant others,they will interpret this image as accurate and their behavior will begin to conform to these negative expectations. This process is called a:

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)retrospective reinterpretation
C)specific deterrence
D)runaway juggernaut

Question 68

According to social reaction theory,whenever possible,anything producing stigma is to be avoided,a philosophy referred to as:

A)deinstitutionalization
B)socialization
C)nonintervention
D)deterrence

Question 69

The scenario presented focuses on urban environmental conditions and would fall under what theory?

A)General strain
B)Social bond
C)Social disorganization
D)Social learning

Question 70

______________ is the process by which a youth who is labeled delinquent and accepts that label as a personal identity.

A)Self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Retrospective reinterpretation
C)Self-stigmatization
D)Self-labeling

Question 71

According to Agnew,adolescents engage in delinquency as a result of:

A)negative affective states
B)failure to form attachments
C)normlessness
D)self-labeling

Question 72

One mile from Jay's home,a rundown neighborhood was rehabilitated and transformed. Many wealthy people bought the houses for the short commute into downtown Chicago. This new area is considered:

A)socialized
B)gentrified
C)stigmatized
D)transitioned

Question 73

Which of the following is not one of the principles of restorative justice?

A)Victims,offenders,and communities are the key stakeholders not the justice system.
B)Victims and communities suffer from crime and they need to be restored.
C)Offenders have an obligation to make amends and they should do so voluntarily.
D)Offenders should be removed from the community as punishment for their misdeeds.

Question 74

According to the text,restorative justice:

A)is a nonpunitive strategy based on healing
B)is concerned with the offender taking responsibility for his actions
C)seeks to return the offender to the community as a full productive member
D)all of the above

Question 75

Which of the following theories centers around a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its status?

A)Social control theory
B)Critical theory
C)Differential association theory
D)General strain theory

Question 76

Which of the following categories best represents the primary strain Kim feels?

A)Disjunction of expectations and achievements
B)Removal of positively valued stimuli
C)Presentation of negative stimulus
D)Failure to achieve goals

Question 77

Which of the following would best describe a prevention effort advocated by a social structure theorist?

A)Midnight basketball leagues to keep youths busy and occupied at night
B)Adult mentors working with at-risk youths to provide prosocial role models
C)Increasing the penalties for delinquency to deter would be offenders
D)Community redevelopment including educational programs and job training

Question 78

Which theory posits that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent,thereby stigmatizing them and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity?

A)General strain theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Social bond theory
D)Labeling theory

Question 79

Given Dave's acceptance of his role as a "delinquent" and his subsequent behaviors,what has been created?

A)Self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Identity crisis
C)Overt pathway
D)Stigmatization

Question 80

What theory best explains Dave's delinquent behavior?

A)Social learning
B)Social reaction
C)Social bond
D)Social structure